Macromolecular antioxidants and dietary fiber in edible seaweeds

Seaweeds are rich in different bioactive compounds with potential uses in drugs, cosmetics and the food industry. The objective of this study was to analyze macromolecular antioxidants or nonextractable polyphenols, in several edible seaweed species collected in Chile (Gracilaria chilensis, Callophyllis concepcionensis, Macrocystis pyrifera, Scytosyphon lomentaria, Ulva sp. and Enteromorpha compressa), including their 1st HPLC characterization. Macromolecular antioxidants are commonly ignored in studies of bioactive compounds. They are associated with insoluble dietary fiber and exhibit significant biological activity, with specific features that are different from those of both dietary fiber and extractable polyphenols. We also evaluated extractable polyphenols and dietary fiber, given their relationship with macromolecular antioxidants. Our results show that macromolecular antioxidants are a major polyphenol fraction (averaging 42% to total polyphenol content), with hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonols being the main constituents. This fraction also showed remarkable antioxidant capacity, as determined by 2 complementary assays. The dietary fiber content was over 50% of dry weight, with some samples exhibiting the target proportionality between soluble and insoluble dietary fiber for adequate nutrition. Overall, our data show that seaweed could be an important source of commonly ignored macromolecular antioxidants.Financial support from the CSIC-Endesa-Huinay Foundation (2013CL018), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (AGL 2011–2774 and AGL2014-55102-JIN) and Conicyt-Chile (Anillo en Ciencia y Tecnología ACT1105) are acknowledged. Jara Perez-Jimenez acknowledges Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral contract, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Jose Rodrigo Vergara-Salinas was supported by the Postdoc Grant No. 3150622 from FONDECYT-Chile.Peer Reviewe