Cyber-Physical Systems of Systems and Complexity Science: The Whole is More than the Sum of Individual and Autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems

Cyber-physical systems-of-systems (CPSoS) are networks that interconnect cyber-physical systems and people. Intercommunications and interaction between a wide range of separate and autonomous components make a cyber-physical system-of-systems a highly complex entity. This complex entity works based on self-organization that is made possible by the exchange and sharing of information among the separate components. Information produces a temporary form of entanglement between the separate components of the new entity. Entanglement enables the new entity to develop emergent properties that are responsible for the functioning of this new entity. New scientific knowledge is required to be able to analyze and design this entity