Given the vast amount of data that is collected by service providers, system administrators, and is available in public information systems, data mining provides an ideal framework to assist in computer security and surveillance-related endeavors. However, the application of data mining to person-specific data raises serious concerns regarding data confidentiality and citizens' privacy rights. The problems are global and many governments are struggling to set national, and international, policies on privacy and security for data mining endeavors. Ensuring privacy and security, as well as establishing trust are essential for the provision of electronic and knowledge-based services in modern e-business, e-commerce, e-government, and e-health ...