Influence of permeability and stone gradation on Berm Breakwater stability

The influence of permeability and stone gradation on the reshaping and wave overtopping of berm breakwaters was studied as part of this research. Another aspect studied was the difference in reshaping comparing a berm breakwater constructed of two stone classes and a more stable Icelandic type of berm breakwater built of three stone classes with the largest stones used as an armour layer covering a part of or the entire berm. Twelve series of model tests were carried out in a wave flume covering studies of the effect of two stone gradations, three permeabilities, two berm and freeboard elevations, three berm breakwater solutions based on the Icelandic experience, and two wave steepnesses.Berm Breakwater