Coastal Defence and the Environment: A guide to good practice

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The need for coastal defence 1.2 The need for coastal conservation 1.3 The need for environmental guidance CHAPTER 2: LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE BACKGROUND 2.1 Coastal defence legislation and responsibilities 2.2 Environmental legislation and responsibilities 2.3 The Planning System 2.4 Environmental Assessment 2.5 Recommended Procedures CHAPTER 3: SHORELlNE PROCESSES AND HUMAN RESPONSE 15 Shore units 3.1.1 Type of coast 3.1.2 Sediment type 3.1.3 Lower shore 3.1.4 Upper shore 3.1.5. Supra-shore 3.1.6. Hinterland 3.2.Shoreline processes 3.3. Energy transfers 3.3.1 Wave energy 3.3.2 Tidal energy 3.3.3 Storm surges 3.3.4 Long term sea level change 3.3.5 Wave driven currents 3.3.6 Tidal currents Sediment Transport 3.4.1 Non-cohesive sediment transport 3.4.2 Non-cohesive transport rates 3.4.3 Suspended sediment transport 3.5 Biological processes 3.6 Shoreline erosion and flooding 3.6.1 Extreme events 3.6.2 Erosion 3.7 Shoreline morphology 3.7.1 Beach profiles 3.7.2 Longshore morphology 3.7.3 Cohesive shore morphology 3.8 Temporal factors 3.9 Spatial factors 3.10 Shoreline management - the human response to process 3.10.1 Hard engineering 3.10.2 Soft engineering CHAPTER 4: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES 4.1 Introduetion 4.2 General considerations 4.2.1 Preliminary stages 4.2.2 Design stage 4.2.3 Operational phase 4.2.4 Post project stages 4.2.5 General references 4.3 Offshore techniques Offshore breakwaters Stable bays Barrages and barriers 4.4 Low shore techniques Beach recharge: non-cohesive Beach recharge: cohesive Increase natural sedimentation rate: non-cohesive Increase natural sedimentation rate: cohesive 4.5 Upper shore techniques Sea walls Flood embankments Managed retreat 4.6 Supra shore Dune building Cliff strengthening Beach ridge restructuring CHAPTER 5: CASE HISTORIES Happisburgh to Winterton . Elmer Dinas Dinlle Colne barrier Mablethorpe to Skegness Hunstanton and Heacham Clacton to Jaywick Hamford Water Essex saltmarsh regeneration Aldeburgh Morecambe Dovercourt to BrambIe Island Windermoor Northey Island Benacre Broad Sand Bay Sizewell Beach Sefton Coast Tankerton slopes Fairlight Cove Pebbleridge Hart Warren dunesKWP-collectio