Towards sustainable last mile deliveries and city logistics: A Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Approach with a modelling implementation, aimed at identifying the most sustainable alternatives for city logistics and model their effects for all stakeholders combined.

The GHG-emissions of the Dutch transport sector are ever increasing, mainly caused by the growth in the number of traffic movements. These movements are heavily influenced by the growth of the e-commerce sector and e-commerce related last mile deliveries. Hence, this study aims at providing more insight in sustainable alternatives for delivering parcels over the last mile within city limits. By applying a Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Approach (MAMCA), a sustainability framework for last mile deliveries is defined to assess the alternatives' sustainable performance. It turns out that parcel lockers result in the highest benefits, followed by the implementation of night delivery. The last alternative that was implemented in the simulation model, the city hub, was highly inefficient, due to the transhipment of high volumes on small vehicles. However, since the city hub is able of reducing the emissions in cities significantly, other ways of implementation have to be considered before really rejecting the alternative.Engineering and Policy Analysi