A universal strategy for metal oxide anchored and binder-free carbon matrix electrode : a supercapacitor case with superior rate performance and high mass loading

Financial support from China Fund KU Leuven (ISP/13/02SJT) is acknowledged. J. Luo acknowledges the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) for FWO Postdoctoral Fellowship (12F5514N), a Research Grant (Project number: 1529816N) and a travel grant (V410316N) for a Visiting Professorship in Technical University of Denmark. X. Zhang is grateful to the China Scholarship Council. We thank Prof. Dirk De Vos (KU Leuven) for technical discussions, Prof. Lei Li (Shanghai Jiao Tong University) for providing nickel foams and Prof. Qingfeng Li (Technical University of Denmark) for assistance in TEM measurements. Appendix ADespite the significant advances in preparing carbon-metal oxide composite electrodes, strategies for seamless interconnecting of these two materials without using binders are still scarce. Herein we design a novel method for in situ synthesis of porous 2D-layered carbon-metal oxide composite electrode. Firstly, 2D-layered Ni-Co mixed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are deposited directly on nickel foam by anodic electrodeposition. Subsequent pyrolysis and activation procedure lead to the formation of carbon-metal oxides composite electrodes. Even with an ultrahigh mass loading of 13.4 mg cm, the as-prepared electrodes exhibit a superior rate performance of 93% (from 1 to 20 mA cm), high capacitance (2098 mF cm at a current density of 1 mA cm), low resistance and excellent cycling stability, making them promising candidates for practical supercapacitor application. As a proof of concept, several MOF derived electrodes with different metal sources have also been prepared successfully via the same route, demonstrating the versatility of the proposed method for the preparation of binder-free carbon-metal oxide composite electrodes for electrochemical devices