A Cinema of Happenings: Exploring Improvisation as Process in Filmmaking

This thesis supports a practice-based-research project that examines differing methodologies of improvisation across the production of four film exercises: Fallen Angels (2005), Blood Offering (2005), Birdman (2009) and The Graduate Workshop (2010). By investigating the 'materiality' of improvisation within my filmmaking practice, bearing in mind that between the performer and the finished film there are inherent production processes that both finesse and obfuscate the improvised performance, I seek to address a fundamental question 'to what extent are the footprints of improvisation visible within the performance and aesthetics of film production?' This study brings together a number of ideas about improvisation practice, as evidenced in the work of Mike Leigh (Abigail's Party, 1977, Another Year, 2010) and Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez (The Blair Witch Project, 1999). I use dominant 'institutional' practice as a counterpoint to the received ideas about improvisation. This research is further informed by new materials, specifically, an interview with Penny Woolcock (Tina Goes Shopping, 1999, Death of Klinghoffer, 2003) as well as analysis of my own practice. Where existing accounts of improvisation have principally sought to define this as a phenomenology within the context of theatre and live performance, this study identifies distinct 'models' of improvisation process in relation to filmmaking. In comparing different production approaches, on a project-by-project basis and by referencing other filmmaker's processes, the thesis proposes a paired down schema for future work; identifying clear points for developing and containing character, as well as recommending a structured approach for developing narrative and filming. This project makes a distinct contribution to the study of improvisation in film, by drawing attention to the importance of methodology in practical filmmaking