Gestational diabetes, but not pre-pregnancy overweight predicts cardio-metabolic markers in offspring twenty years later

Context Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (body mass index, BMI ≥25kg/m2) may adversely affect offspring cardio-metabolic health. Objective To assess associations of maternal GDM and pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity with adult offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors. Design Longitudinal cohort study (ESTER and AYLS). Setting Province of Uusimaa and Northern Finland. Participants At mean age 24.1 years (SD 1.3), we classified offspring to offspring of mothers with 1) GDM regardless of pre-pregnancy BMI (OGDM; n=193), 2) normoglycemic mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (ONO, n=157) and 3) normoglycemic mothers with pre-pregnancy BMI