This thesis focuses on technological challenges associated with the etching of ultrathin materials used for new generations of transistors (FDSOI, FinFET) in advanced nanoelectronics devices. These transistors must be etched with a nanometric precision in order to preserve the electronic properties of active layers. To reach such a precision, plasma-induced damage and reactive layers thicknesses formed during the etch must remain below 1nm, a challenge which cannot be addressed by continuous-waves ICP plasmas. To assist the development of new etching processes, molecular dynamics simulations have been developed to study the influence of new plasma technologies (pulsed plasmas, low-Te plasmas, gaz pulsing) on interactions between silicon and...