Silagens de capim-elefante aditivadas com coprodutos do biodiesel

O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior ? Brasil (CAPES) ? C?digo de Financiamento 001.Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da torta de maca?ba e farelo de crambe, oriundos da cadeia produtiva do biodiesel, em diferentes n?veis de inclus?o na ensilagem de capim-elefante. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeti??es. O material foi ensilado em silos experimentais elaborados com tubos de PVC com tampas providas de v?lvula tipo Bunsen, compactou-se o material obtendo-se massa espec?fica de 600 kg/m3. Foi analisado teores de ?cidos org?nicos, popula??o microbiana, composi??o qu?mico-bromatol?gica e as perdas geradas durante o processo fermentativo. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 3 x 6, sendo tr?s n?veis de inclus?o de cada coproduto do biodiesel (0; 10 e 20%) e seis tempos de abertura dos silos (1; 5; 10; 20; 40 e 60 dias ap?s a ensilagem). A torta de maca?ba foi eficiente como aditivo absorvente de umidade nas silagens de capim-elefante, no qual proporcionou eleva??o dos teores de mat?ria seca, al?m da melhoria no processo fermentativo, que favoreceu o desenvolvimento de microrganismos desej?veis, e, reduziu a popula??o de fungos provavelmente por meio da a??o antif?ngica propiciada pela adequada produ??o de ?cido ac?tico, o que favoreceu baixa produ??o de etanol. Houve redu??o dos teores de ?cido but?rico, aumento de ?cido l?tico, e, consequente redu??o dos valores de pH, que foram satisfat?rios para a conserva??o do material ensilado. N?veis crescentes da torta de maca?ba reduziram a prote?lise no material ensilado, o que resultou em menores concentra??es de nitrog?nio amoniacal. Os teores de fibras foram reduzidos com a adi??o da torta de maca?ba, os teores de prote?na elevaram-se, por?m, n?o foram t?o expressivos, n?o houve contribui??o da torta de maca?ba sobre os carboidratos sol?veis. Os teores de extrato et?reo aumentaram com os n?veis crescentes da torta de maca?ba, o que deve-se atentar para que o uso na alimenta??o animal n?o limite o consumo de mat?ria seca e reduza a digestibilidade da fibra. Nas silagens de capim-elefante com 20% da torta de maca?ba, devem ser misturados a outros alimentos com concentra??o de extrato et?reo menor, as perdas por gases e efluentes foram reduzidas e a recupera??o de mat?ria seca nas silagens de capim-elefante foi aumentada com a inclus?o da torta de maca?ba, sendo que a adi??o de 20% proporcionou melhores resultados. O farelo de crambe adicionado na ensilagem de capim-elefante foi eficiente na melhoria do processo fermentativo atrav?s da eleva??o dos teores de mat?ria seca, da contribui??o para o desenvolvimento de microrganismos ben?ficos em detrimento dos indesej?veis, da predomin?ncia da fermenta??o l?tica com consequente redu??o do pH, al?m do incremento do valor nutricional, principalmente pela eleva??o do teor proteico e redu??o dos teores de fibras, contudo, o farelo de crambe favoreceu a eleva??o dos teores de nitrog?nio amoniacal. As perdas por gases e efluentes foram reduzidas e a recupera??o de mat?ria seca nas silagens de capim-elefante foi aumentada com a inclus?o do farelo de crambe. O maior n?vel de inclus?o (20%) do farelo de crambe promoveu as melhores caracter?sticas nas silagens de capim-elefante.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maca?ba cake and crambe bran from the biodiesel production chain on different levels of inclusion in elephant grass silage. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The material was ensiled in experimental silos made with PVC tubes with caps equipped with a Bunsen type valve, the material was compacted to obtain a specific mass of 600 kg/m3. The content of organic acids, microbial population, chemical-bromatological composition and the losses generated during the fermentation process were analyzed. The treatments were arranged in a 3 x 6 factorial scheme, with three inclusion levels of each biodiesel co-product (0, 10 and 20%) and six silos opening times (1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 days after the silage). The maca?ba cake was efficient as a moisture-absorbing additive in elephant grass silages, in which it increased the dry matter contents, as well as improving the fermentation process, which favored the development of desirable microorganisms, and reduced the fungus population probably through the antifungal action provided by the adequate production of acetic acid, which favored low ethanol production. There was a decrease in butyric acid, increase of lactic acid, and consequent reduction of pH values, which were satisfactory for the conservation of silage. Increasing levels of maca?ba cake reduced the proteolysis in the ensiled material, which resulted in lower concentrations of ammonia nitrogen. The fiber contents were reduced with the addition of the maca?ba cake, the protein levels were elevated, however, they were not as expressive, there was no contribution of the maca?ba cake to the soluble carbohydrates. Ethereal extract contents increased with the increasing levels of maca?ba cake, which should be taken care that the use in animal feed does not limit dry matter consumption and reduce fiber digestibility. In the elephant grass silages with 20% of the maca?ba cake, they should be mixed with to other foods with a lower concentration of ethereal extract, gas and effluent losses were reduced and dry matter recovery in elephant grass silages was increased with the inclusion of maca?ba cake, and the addition of 20% provided better results. The crambe bran added in elephant grass silage was efficient in improving the fermentation process by raising dry matter contents, contributing to the development of beneficial microorganisms to the detriment of undesirable ones, the predominance of lactic fermentation with consequent reduction of pH , in addition to the increase in nutritional value, mainly due to the elevation of protein content and reduction of fiber content, however, the crambe bran favored the elevation of ammoniacal nitrogen contents. Gaseous and effluent losses were reduced and recovery of dry matter in elephant grass silages was increased with the inclusion of crambe bran. The highest level of inclusion (20%) of crambe bran promoted the best characteristics in elephant grass silages