Oxygen-reducing microbial cathodes monitoring toxic shocks in tap water

Electroactive biofilms (EABs) have recently attracted considerable research interest for their possible use as amperometric biosensors in environmental or bioprocess monitoring, for example for in situ detection of toxic compounds. Almost exclusively, corresponding research has focused on heterotrophic, anodic EABs. These biofilms require sufficiently high organic loads and anoxic conditions to deliver a stable baseline current. Conversely, electroautotrophic O-2-reducing EABs have recently been proposed to monitor toxic shocks in oxic solutions that are poor or devoid of organic substrate. This was done in optimal media and only assessed for formaldehyde as a model toxic compound. Here we show that O-2-reducing EABs can grow in unamended tap water on carbon electrodes at + 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. They retained substantial electroactivity for at least eight months without adding exogenous compounds. The most represented operational taxonomic units were assigned to the phylum Gammaproteobacteria (25 +/- 15%, n = 5 electrodes). Cyclic voltammograms showed a reproducible nernstian behavior for O-2 reduction with a mid-wave potential at + 0.27 V and variable plateau current densities ranging from- 1 to - 22 mu A cm(-2) (n = 10 electrodes). The biocatalytic current was substantially impacted by the addition of either of three tested heavy metals (Hg(II), Cr(VI) or Pb(II)) or by organic pollutants (formaldehyde, 2,4-dichlorophenol, benzalkonium chloride), with limits of detection ranging from 0.5 to 10 mg L-1 (2.5-61 mu mol L-1). Response times were typically around 1 min. Comparison with previous reports suggests that O-2-reducing microbial cathodes may be more sensitive to toxic shocks than anodic, heterotrophic EABs