Autonomy, reduction and reflexiveness : Francisco J. Varela's natural philosophy and the transcendental project. By tightly linking together phenomenological reduction and the construction of a non representational scientific knowledge, biologist Francisco Varela meets German idealism's, particularly Fichte's, main issue. This issue was : rethinking the transcendental core of cognition beyond the subjective -objective divide, i.e. as life and autonomy. On that basis, the author of this chapter traces Varela's notions of biological identity and autonomy to the refusal of any exteriority by this transcendental trend. And he would go along as far as distinguishing between two versions of autonomy : autonomy as decision and project and autonomy...