Seasonality of ecosystem respiration and gross primary production as derived from FLUXNET measurements

Differences in the seasonal pattern of assimilatory and respiratory processes are responsible for divergences in seasonal net carbon exchange among ecosystems. Using FLUXNET data (http://www.eosdis.ornl.gov/FLUXNET) we have analyzed seasonal patterns of gross primary productivity (FGPP), and ecosystem respiration (FRE) of boreal and temperate, deciduous and coniferous forests, Mediterranean evergreen systems, a rainforest, temperate grasslands, and C3 and C4 crops. Based on generalized seasonal patterns classifications of ecosystems into vegetation functional types can be evaluated for use in global productivity and climate change models. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of respiratory costs of assimilated carbon in various ecosystems. Seasonal variability of FGPP and FRE of the investigated sites increased in the order tropical \u3c Mediterranean \u3c temperate coniferous \u3c temperate deciduous \u3c boreal forests. Together with the boreal forest sites, the managed grasslands and crops show the largest seasonal variability. In the temperate coniferous forests, seasonal patterns of FGPP and FRE are in phase, in the temperate deciduous and boreal coniferous forests FRE was delayed compared to FGPP, resulting in the greatest imbalance between respiratory and assimilatory fluxes early in the growing season. FGPP adjusted for the length of the carbon uptake period decreased at the sampling sites across functional types in the order C4 crops, temperate and boreal deciduous forests (7.5–8.3 g Cm−2 per day) \u3e temperate conifers, C3 grassland and crops (5.7–6.9g Cm−2 per day) \u3e boreal conifers (4.6 g Cm−2 per day). Annual FGPP and net ecosystem productivity (FNEP) decreased across climate zones in the order tropical \u3e temperate \u3e boreal. However, the decrease in FNEP with latitude was greater than the decrease in FGPP, indicating a larger contribution of respiratory (especially heterotrophic) processes in boreal systems