French and EEC Competition Law: GATT and U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Post-1992

I. Introduction II. The New French Law on Competition ... A. Historical Overview ... B. The Decree of December 1, 1986 III. The Council on Competition ... A. Membership ... B. Operation ... C. Advisory Powers ... 1. The Optional Consultation ... 2. The Mandatory Consultation ... D. The Council\u27s Jurisdiction Over Anticompetitive Practices ... 1. Investigation in Cases of Anticompetitive Practices ... a. Normal Procedure ... b. Simplified Procedure ... 2. Deliberations and Decisions of the Commission … E. The Council\u27s Jurisdiction in Matters Involving Economic Concentration ... 1. The Market ... 2. The Limitations ... F. Powers of the Chair IV. Anticompetitive Practices ... A. Practices Tending to Exclude Competition or to Establish Dominance ... 1. Abusive Exploitation of a Dominant Position ... 2. Abusive Exploitation of the State of Economic Dependence ... a. The Dependent Undertaking Is a Customer … b. The Dependent Undertaking Is the Supplier … B. Anticompetitive Practices Aimed at by the Prohibition ... 1. Legislative or Regulatory Texts ... 2. Development of Economic Progress ... 3. Exemptions ... C. Sanctions ... 1. Nullity, Monetary Sanctions, and Injunctions ... 2. Entering into Prohibited Agreements ... 3. Return to the Status Quo Ante ... 4. Action of the Prosecutor, the Minister or the Chair before Civil and Commercial Jurisdictions V. Restrictive Practices ... A. Consumer Information ... B. Sales with Discounts ... C. The Refusal to Sell ... D. The Obligation to Bill ... E. Sales at a Loss ... F. The Publication of Price Schedules and Conditions of Sale ... G. The Practice of Mandatory Sale Prices ... H. Illegal Utilization of the Public Domain ... I. Illegal Competition of Associations or Cooperatives of Undertakings or Administrations ... J. Procedures for the Finding of Economic Violations …K. Conclusions VI. EEC [European Economic Community]—Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome ... A. Introduction and Overview of EEC Law on Competition ... B. Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome ... 1. Organizational Structure ... 2. The Jurisdictional Limits of EEC Competition Law ... 3. EEC and National Competition Laws: Their Relationship ... C. EEC—Enforcement ... D. Conclusions VII. United States Antitrust Policy ... A. Historical Background of the U.S. Antitrust Laws ... B. Antitrust Enforcement in the U.S ... C. Conclusions VIII. GATT [General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]... A. Introduction and Overview ... B. GATT: Free Market/Unfair Competition—U.S. and EEC Positions ... 1. The Agricultural Problem ... 2. The Intellectual Property Problem ... 3. Progress of the Uruguay Round and Possible Outcomes ... C. Conclusions IX. U.S. Foreign Trade Policy: Quo Vadis? ... A. Background and Overview ... B. The Impact of U.S. Antitrust Laws on GATT X. Conclusion XI. Bibliograph