Review of \u3ci\u3ePowerful Images: Portrayals of Native America\u3c/i\u3e By Sarah E. Boehme et al. Foreword by Peter Hassrick

This thought-provoking book is designed to accompany an exhibition which, unfortunately, I have not seen. The focus of both the exhibition and the catalogue is the relationship between Native American art and culture and that of dominant European Americans. Five essays attempt to present the complexities of two diverse contemporary views with distinct historical perspectives. The first pair juxtapose indigenous and European American points of view in a focused and mutually intelligible manner. Emma Hanson examines the art of the Plains and the Southwest. Although her primary concern is the Plains, I believe her generalizations would be acceptable to most Indian people, in particular her concluding statement: For Native American people today, the object speaks to the spirit and endurance of tribal cultures and provides a key to understanding the past, the present, the people who went before them, and their own generation. Traditional objects for Native Americans are weighted with meaning; when there is a subject, it is but one of the multiple cultural meanings carried within the object. The contrast between this and the European American portrayal of the Indian subject as exotic, savage, a child of nature, a stereotype created by European Americans is presented in the second essay, Frozen in Time: Euro-American Portrayals of Indians. The third and fourth essays likewise contrast the Native with Euro-American and Canadian perspectives. Gerald T. Conaty and Clifford Crane Beal focus on the Blackfoot (Siksika) and the lack of understanding between this culture and governmental forces, as well as the pressure of modern technology. In Illusions and Deceptions: The Indian in Popular Culture James H. Nottage brings to the consciousness of the museum-going public the outrage Native Americans have so long expressed at the use of Indian caricatures in popular American culture. It is these images of war bonnet dressed warriors, buffalo hunters, and shy maidens that have formed and reinforced European American stereotypes. But at what point does the preconception become conception and conception become fact for indigenous people living in European American dominated society? I believe this to be an important issue for contemporary Native American artists, yet there is no mention of it in the final essay, Native America Artists- Expressing Their Own Identity. Mike Leslie does state that [Indians] have been culturally pummeled to the point of being presumably unrecognizable even to themselves, but merely reminds us on the following page that indeed there are tribal differences. It is only in Hanson\u27s essay, I feel, that both tribal differences and generalities within Native American cultures are fully recognized. Although Sarah Boehme shows how European American art went from the tribally specific document to the stereotypes of Western Art, neither she nor Nottage as European Americans addresses the issue of the impact of these collective stereotypes on Native peoples themselves. Surely one of the most important issues for artists today is just this-what does it mean to be an Indian? Numerous painters, and most recently the Native American film Smoke Signals, address this issue