Mantle rocks exposed in seafloor and/or directly in contact with atmosphere in ophiolite system are thermodynamically and chemically in disequilibrium. Mantle alteration is driven by serpentinization (ie, hydration and oxidation-reduction reactions) and carbonatization reactions. These reactions play an major role in the chemical exchanges between the deep mantle and the outer envelops, especially in the global mass budget of volatiles (C, H and O) via CO2 mineralization, hydrogen production and formation of hydrocarbons and prebiotic molecules. Oman ophiolite is an ideal "natural laboratory" for studying alteration reactions in mantle rocks from ocean hydrothermalism to modern continental weathering.This thesis presents the results of a mu...