Serum and exhaled breath condensate inflammatory cytokines in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort study

Background The role and relationship between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines represents one of the least studied aspects of the pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The aim of the present study was to evaluate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at both local (lung) and systemic (blood) levels and their relationship with the severity of the disease on admission and time for a patient to reach clinical stability during hospitalisation. Methods This was an observational, prospective, cohort study of hospitalised patients with a diagnosis of CAP at the IRCCS Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy, between April 2010 and January 2012. Ten pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-1\u3b1, IL-1\u3b2, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]\u3b1 and interferon [IFN]\u3b3) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were measured in both serum and exhaled breath condensate within 24 h after hospital admission. Results A total of 74 patients (median age: 76 years; gender: 61 % male) were enrolled. The anti- to pro-inflammatory cytokine ratio was reduced in patients with severe disease on admission and prolonged time to reach clinical stability. This was due to lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the exhaled breath condensate and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum. Conclusions Dis-regulation between pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways might be a part of the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to severe infection and worse early clinical outcomes in CAP patients