Factors influencing interactions in zoos: animal-keeper relationship, animal-public interactions and solitary animal groups

Interactions that animals experience can have a significant influence on their health and welfare. These interactions can occur between animals themselves, but also between animals and keepers, and animals and the public. Human and non-human animals come into contact with each other in a variety of settings, and wherever there is contact there is the opportunity for interaction to take place. Interaction with companion animals are well known, but human\u2013animal interaction (HAR) also occurs in the context of farms, laboratories, zoos and even the wild. This project proposes a permanent monitoring scheme to record animal-human interactions and animal-animal interactions in zoos. This will be accompanied by a survey of animal personality for welfare, husbandry, breeding programs and reintroduction purposes. The pilot project is currently based on direct monitoring of animal behaviour, use of time lapse cameras and animal personality questionnaires filled by experienced keepers. We present preliminary data regarding polar bear (Fasano Zoosafari, Italy), Sumatran tigers, Amur tigers and Asiatic lion (ZSL London and Whipsnade zoo) interactions with humans and conspecifics. These data are collected across a broad range of environmental conditions and outlines the monitoring protocols developed to collect this data.The first year data show the great adaptability of these species to ex-situ environments, low or absent negative impact of visitors\u2019 presence and the relevance of individual personality in these interactions