GC/MS analysis, free radical scavenging, anticancer and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome

The current study aims to investigate the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, \u3b2-glucuronidase inhibitory and anticancer activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroidal glycosides, saponins, sterols, flavonoids and carbohydrates. GC/MS analyses of n-hexane fraction identified 12 compounds, including 70% unsaturated and 30% saturated fatty acids. Higher free radical scavenging capacity was observed in n-hexane and chloroform fraction compared with the other fractions. Based on IC50 (\u3bcg/mL) values, antiproliferative activity on HeLa cells was observed for chloroform (0.8 \ub1 0.2), ethyl acetate (1.4 \ub1 0.1) and butanol (1.6 \ub1 0.3) fractions by comparison to anticancer drug doxorubicin (0.3 \ub1 0.0). Similarly, all fractions exhibited cytotoxicity on PC-3 cells. Moreover, the methanol extract (IC50: 140.8 \ub1 3.8) and butanol fraction (196.2 \ub1 1.9) exhibited a moderate level of \u3b2-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. These findings may validate the folkloric uses of T. govanianum rhizome in cancer management, and can be a promising candidate as an anticancer agent