Can corruption erode confidence in political institutions smong European countries? comparing the effects of different measures of perceived corruption

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of corruption on institutional confidence through testing alternative perceptions-based indexes of corruption. Scholars who have investigated this topic have often employed only indicators of corruption based on experts\u2019 surveys. In this article we also consider a new index of corruption developed aggregating citizens\u2019 perceptions. The first part of the paper explores the levels of corruption perceived by the citizens of EU member states, stressing the differences with the experts\u2019 opinions. The second part tests, through a multivariate analysis, the impact of citizens\u2019 and experts\u2019 perceptions-based indexes of corruption on institutional confidence. The main results show that experts and citizens tend to express similar opinions on the extent of corruption in EU member states though, especially in some countries, these actors present some noticeable differences. Nevertheless, irrespective of the indexes used, more corrupt countries are characterized by lower levels of confidence in parliament and government. This relationship holds even controlling for the presence of reverse causality between corruption and confidence