Unraveling the role of ecosystem development in the shaping of soil bacterial communities

Microbial primary succession and plant biocoenosis establishment are key events in land reclamation, nevertheless the underlying mechanisms driving the succession are still poorly understood. Aim of the work was hence to determine the role of environmental factors and ecosystem development in shaping soil microbiota. The forefronts of receding glaciers are natural laboratories where to study microbial diversity in relation to geochemical factors and ecosystem development stage. Chronosequences can be identified on glacier moraines, where the increasing distance from the glacier edge corresponds to the increase of time of permanence out of ice, soil structuring and ecosystem development. We studied a first site on the moraines of the Lobuche glacier (Mount Everest area, Nepal), identifying several niches characterized by a different level of biotic colonization, from a bare mineral substrate to complex biological soil crust. Bacterial phylogenetic and functional diversity was studied by DNA-fingerprinting methods and a high variability was observed, demonstrating that the presence of spatially isolated microhabitats in soil matrices can strongly influence data interpretation. We then focused on a second site on the moraines of the Midtre Lov\ue9enbren glacier (Svalbard Islands, Norway) where a chronosequence was previously characterised (Hodkinson et al. 2003). The sequence was composed by 7 sites subjected to a primary succession process, exposed to the terrestrial habitat since 5 to 2000 years, thus not isolated by distance but by the age of ecosystem evolution, distinguished by increasing levels of nutrient availability, soil fertility and plant colonization. Together with environmental factors, plant cover and diversity have been demonstrated to strongly influence the structure of soil microbiota (Berg & Smalla 2009). To have the possibility to consider separately the role of plants and the role of soil development in the primary bacterial succession, we identified a vascular plant, namely Saxifraga oppositifolia, present along the whole Midtre-Love\ue9nbreen chronosequence and we analyzed the bacterial communities associated to the rhizosphere and the corresponding bulk soil. We demonstrated that soil development was the discriminating factor in the earlier successional stage, while the rhizosphere effect was significant only after 20 years out of ice covering. Rhizosphere communities showed higher similarity between 20 and 100 years of soil development, differentiating in the subsequenct successional stages. The results showed the presence of biogeographic patterns in rhizosphere microbiota, differently influenced by the interaction with the plant and by environmental factors related to different stages of ecosystem evolution. References: Hodkinsos ID, Coulson SJ, Webb NR (2003) Community assembly along proglacial chronosequences in the high Arctic: vegetation and soil development in north-west Svalbard. J Ecol 91:651\u2013663 Berg G & Smalla K (2009) Plant species and soil type cooperativelyshape the structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 68:1\u20131