Selective Targeting of Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) with Mannose-Based glycomimetics : Synthesis and Interaction Studies of Bis(benzylamide) Derivatives of a Pseudomannobioside

DC-SIGN and Langerin are C-type lectins of dendritic cells (DCs) that share a specificity for mannose and are involved in pathogen recognition. HIV is known to use DC-SIGN on DCs to facilitate trans-infection of T-cells. Langerin, on the contrary, contributes to virus elimination, therefore the inhibition of this latter receptor is undesired. Glycomimetic molecules targeting DC-SIGN have been reported as promising agents for the inhibition of viral infections and for the modulation of immune responses mediated by DC-SIGN. We show here for the first time that glycomimetics based on a mannose anchor can be tuned to selectively inhibit DC-SIGN over Langerin. Based on structural and binding studies of a mannobioside mimic previously described by us (2), a focused library of derivatives was designed. The optimized synthesis gave fast and efficient access to a group of bis-amides, decorated with an azide-terminated tether allowing further conjugation. SPR inhibition tests showed improvements over the parent pseudo-mannobioside by a factor of 3-4. A dimeric, macrocyclic structure (11) was also serendipitously obtained, which afforded a 30-fold gain over the starting compound (2). The same ligands were tested against Langerin and found to exhibit high selectivity towards DC-SIGN. Structural studies using saturation transfer difference NMR (STD \u2013 NMR) were performed to analyze the binding mode of one representative library member with DC-SIGN. Despite the overlap of some signals, it was established that the new ligand interacts with the protein in the same fashion as the parent pseudo-disaccharide. The two aromatic amide moieties showed relatively high saturation in the STD spectrum, suggesting that the improved potency of the bis-amides over the parent dimethyl ester can be attributed to lipophilic interactions between the aromatic groups of the ligand and the binding site of DC-SIGN