Mixed-1,10-phenanthroline–Cu(II) complexes : synthesis, cytotoxic activity versus hematological and solid tumor cells and complex formation equilibria with glutathione

Cu(II) complexes with 1,10-orthophenanthroline (phen) show cytotoxic and antitumoral effects. To enhance and exploit these features, we studied complexes containing one or two phen units together with N,N\u2032- substituted-imidazolidine-2-thione (L). We synthesized and structurally characterized the precursor molecule Cu(phen)(OH2)2(OClO3)2, and determined the complex formation constants of [Cu(phen)(L)]2+. We studied the cytotoxic activity of [Cu(phen)2(L)](ClO4)2 versus human hematologic (CCRF-CEM and CCRFSB) and solid tumor-derived cell lines (K-MES-1, DU-145). The cytotoxic activities, in the 1\u20133 \u3bcM range, show that our Cu(II)\u2013complexes possess comparable inhibitory activities against both leukemia and carcinoma cells, unlike the majority of antineoplastic agents, usually more potent against hematologic cancer cells than against solid tumor cells. Because the free Cu(II) ion is reduced by glutathione (GSH), we studied the reactivity of our complexes with GSH, providing evidence that no redox reaction occurred under the chosen experimental conditions. Complex formation equilibria were present, studied by spectrophotometric titrations. The redox properties of the prepared compounds were also investigated by cyclic voltammetry, confirming that the mixed Cu(II) complexes were resistant to reduction