Vitamin D intervention and bone : A randomized clinical trial in fair- and dark-skinned children at northern latitudes

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate vitamin D status and effects of vitamin D intervention on bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) in children with fair and dark skin in Sweden during winter. Methods: In a 2-center prospective double-blinded randomized intervention study 5- to 7-year-old children (n=206) with fair and dark skin in Sweden (55°N-63°N) received daily vitamin D supplements of 25μg, 10μg, or placebo (2μg) during 3 winter months. We measured BMD and BMC for total body (TB), total body less head (TBLH), femoral neck (FN), and spine at baseline and 4 months later. Intake of vitamin D and calcium, serum 25- hydroxy vitamin D (S-25[OH]D), and related parameters were analyzed. Results: Despite lower S-25(OH)D in dark than fair-skinned children, BMD of TB (P=0.012) and TBLH (P=0.002) and BMC of TBLH (P=0.04) were higher at baseline and follow-up in those with dark skin. Delta (Δ) BMD and BMC of TB and TBLH did not differ between intervention and placebo groups, but FN-BMC increased more among dark-skinned children in the 25μg (P=0.038) and 10μg (P=0.027) groups compared to placebo. We found no associations between Δ S-25(OH)D, P-parathyroid hormone, P-alkaline phosphatase, and D BMD and BMC, respectively. Conclusions: BMD and BMC remained higher in dark- than fair-skinned children despite lower vitamin D status. Even though no difference in general was found in BMD or BMC after vitamin D intervention, the increase in FN-BMC in dark-skinned children may suggest an influence on bone in those with initially insufficient vitamin D status