Palaeogenomics of the Hydrocarbon Producing Microalga Botryococcus braunii

This is the final version. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.Botryococcus braunii is a colonial microalga that appears early in the fossil record and is a sensitive proxy of environmental and hydroclimatic conditions. Palaeozoic Botryococcus fossils which contribute up to 90% of oil shales and approximately 1% of crude oil, co-localise with diagnostic geolipids from the degradation of source-signature hydrocarbons. However more recent Holocene sediments demonstrate no such association. Consequently, Botryococcus are identifed in younger sediments by morphology alone, where potential misclassifcations could lead to inaccurate paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Here we show that a combination of fow cytometry and ancient DNA (aDNA) sequencing can unambiguously identify Botryococcus microfossils in Holocene sediments with hitherto unparalleled accuracy and rapidity. The application of aDNA sequencing to microfossils ofers a far-reaching opportunity for understanding environmental change in the recent geological record. When allied with other high-resolution palaeoenvironmental information such as aDNA sequencing of humans and megafauna, aDNA from microfossils may allow a deeper and more precise understanding of past environments, ecologies and migrations.Medical Research Council (MRC)Wellcome TrustBiotechnology and Biological Science Research Council (BBSRC