Reconstructing Holocene temperature and salinity variations in the western Baltic Sea region: A multi-proxy comparison from the Little Belt (IODP Expedition 347, Site M0059)

Sediment records recovered from the Baltic Sea during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 347 provide a unique opportunity to study paleoenvironmental and -climate change in central/northern Europe. Such studies contribute to a better understanding of how environmental parameters change in continental shelf seas and enclosed basins. We present a multiproxy- based reconstruction of paleotemperature (both marine and terrestrial), -salinity, and -ecosystem changes from the Little Belt (Site M0059) over the past ~8,000 years, and evaluate the applicability of inorganic and organic proxies in this particular setting. Salinity proxies (diatoms, aquatic palynomorphs, ostracods, long chain diol index – LDI) show that lacustrine conditions occurred in the Little Belt until ~7,400 cal. yr BP. A connection to the Kattegat at this time can be excluded, but a direct connection to the Baltic Proper may have existed. The transition to the brackish-marine conditions (more saline and warmer) of the Littorina Sea stage occurred within ~200 yr when the connection to the Kattegat became established (~7,400 cal. yr BP). The different salinity proxies used here show similar trends in relative changes in salinity, but do often not allow quantitative estimates of salinity. The reconstruction of water temperatures is associated with particular large uncertainties and variations in absolute values by up to 8 °C for bottom waters and even up to 16 °C for summer surface waters. Concerning the foraminiferal Mg/Ca reconstruction, contamination in the deeper intervals may have led to an over-estimation of temperatures. Differences in results based on the lipid proxies (LDI and TEXL86) can partly be explained by the application of modern-day proxy calibrations in areas which experienced significant changes in depositional settings, in case of our study e.g. change from freshwater to marine conditions. Our study shows that particular caution has to be taken when applying and interpreting proxies in coastal environments, where water mass conditions can experience more rapid and larger changes than in open ocean settings. Approaches using a multitude of independent proxies may thus allow a more robust paleoenvironmental assessment