Optimal initial excitations of decadal modification of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation under the prescribed heat and freshwater flux boundary conditions

Within a three-dimensional ocean circulation model, the nonlinear optimal initial perturbations (NOIP) of sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface temperature (SST) to excite variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) were obtained under prescribed heat and freshwater flux boundary conditions, using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method. After 10 years, the optimal SSS and SST perturbations lead to reductions of the AMOC by 3.6 and 2.5 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s-1), respectively, followed by multidecadal oscillations with a period of about 50 years. During the first 30 years, nonlinear processes have an important influence on the AMOC strength: convection strengthens the AMOC during years 0-2, zonal density advection promotes the slowdown of the AMOC during years 7-20, and meridional density advection inhibits the slowdown of meridional velocities in the upper ocean during years 5-18. The linear optimal initial perturbation (LOIP) was also computed using the first singular vector (FSV) method. For SSS perturbations with an amplitude of 0.5 psu, the LOIP will cause an underestimation of the amplitude of the multidecadal AMOC variability by about 1 Sv, compared to that induced by the NOIP. This underestimation will become more significant as the amplitudes of SSS perturbations increase