Ritual change at the end of the Maya Classic Period: a study of incense burners from the southern lowlands

The thesis aims to better understand Maya ritual practices associated with the burning of aromatic substances and the use of incense burners in the southern Maya lowlands during the Classic (A.D. 250 - 900) to Postclassic (A.D. 900 - A.D. 1200) transition. Incense burners are considered as important components of Maya ritual and religious paraphernalia through which communication with supernatural beings was enacted. Their forms and decoration were the products of specific principles of design and iconography which were commonly imbued with symbolic and religious meaning. The study involves an analysis of the form and decoration of these vessels as well as their contexts of recovery and use through time. The changes and continuities in the forms and decoration of incense burners, their contexts and their use sheds light into the continuation and/or innovation of ritual and religious ideas which are linked to broader social, economic and political factors in Maya society during the end of the Classic period. The study is based on a sample of incense burner materials excavated by the following projects in Guatemala: Proyecto Arqueológico Regional Petexbatún, Proyecto Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala, Tikal Project, Proyecto Nacional Tikal, Proyecto La Joyanca - Petén Noroccidente, and Proyecto Yaxhá-Nakun-Naranjo. It also involves the study of censer materials recorded at the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala, the British Museum in the United Kingdom, the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, the Peabody Museum of Natural History of Yale University, and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in the United States of America