International audienceIn the early 1990s, two major phenomena began to revolutionize the economy and daily life in all regions of the world, including Europe. The first is globalization, which generates in-creasingly interdependent national economies. The second is a technological revolution with the arrival of the Internet and new information and communication technologies. In this con-text, the political leaders of the European Union realize that the European economy must be thoroughly modernized. This ambition presupposes a common educational territory, a European research area and the durability of Europe as a space power, all of which must satisfy a concern for sustainability. Nevertheless, on each of these points, the geopolitical act...