Recent advances in liquid-phase microextraction techniques for the analysis of environmental pollutants

The liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method is a sample pretreatment technique that uses small volumes of organic solvents to extract a wide variety of analytes from different matrices prior to instrumental analysis. The development of these techniques focuses on providing simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly extraction procedures for sample preparation or pretreatment. In this review, the most recent developments in LPME techniques for the analysis of various environmental pollutants are summarized after being categorized into several groups such as dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), ferrofluid-based microextraction, supramolecular-based liquid phase microextraction, and vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction. Moreover, the extraction principles, the solvent production mechanism, and the historical development of the LPME techniques are also discussed. Finally, recent reports on the applications of these methodologies are reviewed