Energy levels in YPO4:Ce3+,Sm3+ studied by thermally and optically stimulated luminescence

Energy-resolved optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) spectra and thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves of a powder sample of YPO4:Ce3+,Sm3+ were measured to investigate the nature of the trapping centre and to locate its energy level relative to the valence and conduction bands of the YPO4 host. The high-temperature glow peak could unequivocally be assigned to Sm2+ (thus Sm3+ acts as an electron trap). The trap depth of this centre, as derived from the OSL excitation spectra, is in good agreement with the Dorenbos model prediction. The OSL excitation spectra also reveal excited states of Sm2+ well below the conduction band. These excited states produce a broadening of the high-temperature TL glow peak and also cause the activation energy determined by the Hoogenstraten method to underestimate the trap depth