Labor protest in the European Union

The phenomenon of labor protest targeting the European Union remains relatively rare, yet the institutions of organized labor at the EU level (introduced below) have provided the infrastructure that protest requires—networks for communication (Gorges 1996: 310; Turner 1996: 327; on European Works Councils (EWCs), Erne 2008: 35). These in turn have helped overcome other obstacles to transnational protest (Gajewska 2008: 117; Parks 2009: 263). Imig and Tarrow, working with data from 1984 to 1997, note some increase in protest against the EU, and that 82.1 percent of these protests were by occupational groups (2001: 39), a trend that seems to be continuing