Review of \u3ci\u3eTown and City: Aspects of Western Canadian Urban Development\u3c/i\u3e Edited by Alan F. J. Artibise

Western Canada\u27s settlement is neatly divided at the Rocky Mountain front. West of there, the population is urban and the scattered clusters of people are separated from one another by miles of wilderness; on the prairies to the east there is a network of farms, small towns, and cities dominated, in turn, by a handful of metropolises. This valuable collection of papers by sixteen Canadian urban historians and geographers treats urbanization in both of these western Canadian realms, providing a balanced geographical coverage and giving the reader a consistent view of town formation, ranging from the smallest of places to the largest. The prairies (Canada\u27s counterpart for the American term Great Plains ) were settled from east to west with the construction of railway lines and with the assistance of public lands disposal acts. As in the United States, a network of railroad-created service-center towns grew up to handle the trade brought by the ethnically diverse farm population. The prairies were agricultural, and the center of wholesaling, transportation, and grain marketing was Winnipeg, which, by 1911, was Canada\u27s third largest city and unquestionably the primate city of the vast, agricultural prairie region. In an interesting essay Paul Phillips traces the recent decline of Winnipeg\u27s dominance while Calgary and Edmonton have emerged as leaders in a new regional economy now based more on energy than on agriculture. For the far-western half, three papers on Vancouver and Victoria (by Robert McDonald, C. N. Forward, and Patricia Roy) detail the 50 remarkable role reversal that occurred after the Canadian Pacific\u27s 1886 founding of Vancouver. Victoria, the long-time regional capital of the British northwest coast, was soon replaced by Vancouver, and although the latter was a mecca for the unemployed western drifter who could drift no farther west, the city soon established itself as Canada\u27s link to the Orient as well as to the growing cities of the U.S. Pacific borderland. John Selwood and Evelyn Baril give a fascinating account of the Hudson\u27s Bay Company\u27s attempts to make cities in the Canadian West. Although the company owned major portions of the townsite at both Winnipeg and Edmonton, the HBC had next to no impact on stimulating urban growth in the region where it once virtually determined the location of trading centers. Individual essays on Regina and Moose Jaw (J. William Brennan), Strathcona, which later became part of Edmonton (John Gilpin), Leth bridge (A. A. den Otter), Calgary (separate essays by Max Foran and Henry Klassen), Edmonton (Carl Betke), and Saskatoon (Lewis H. Thomas) show that urban promotion was much the same from one city to another. In most cases the booming of prairie townsites involved free-wheeling entrepreneurial ethics and cozy partnerships between government and railroads much like those that occurred in the United States. In his own essay, editor Alan Artibise makes clear the role that individual boosters had in promoting their cities, and he observes that, without their leaders, Canada\u27s prairie cities would have amounted to much less-a conclusion he also balances against economic theories of urban location and growth