Book Review of \u3ci\u3e Crossing the 49th Parallel: Migration from Canada to the United States, 1900- 1930\u3c/i\u3e by Bruno Ramirez

The boundary of Canada and the United States is celebrated as the longest undefended border in the world. Despite its length and seeming prominence in North American history, only recently has the border received more than passing attention from historians and geographers. In his insightful and carefully documented book, Bruno Ramirez contends that this is partly because migrants from the United States to Canada, and from Canada to the United States passed through a porous border until the 1900s. With the exception of French Canadians migrating from Quebec to New England, Canadian immigrants did not create the kinds of ethnic institutions or residential clusters that historical geographers generally associate with immigrant settlement. Canadian settlers in the United States and their counterparts in Canada were the invisible settlers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries