Materials Design from Nonequilibrium Steady States: Driven Graphene as a Tunable Semiconductor with Topological Properties

Controlling the properties of materials by driving them out of equilibrium is an exciting prospect that has only recently begun to be explored. In this Letter we give a striking theoretical example of such materials design: a tunable gap in monolayer graphene is generated by exciting a particular optical phonon. We show that the system reaches a steady state whose transport properties are the same as if the system had a static electronic gap, controllable by the driving amplitude. Moreover, the steady state displays topological phenomena: there are chiral edge currents, which circulate a fractional charge e/2 per rotation cycle, with the frequency set by the optical phonon frequency.United States. Dept. of Energy (DOE Grant No. DEF-06ER46316)United States. Dept. of Energy (DOE Grant No. DEF-91ER40676)United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA-QuEST program)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SPP 1459)Alexander von Humboldt-StiftungKavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (‘‘Physics of Graphene’’ program, Grant No. NSF PHY11-25915