College to Work Transition and Human Resource Development of the Youth(Ⅰ): Satisfaction with College Education of the Graduates

본 연구에서는 우리나라 4년제 대학 졸업 청년층의 대학교육 만족도와 노동시장 이행 실태에 대한 본격적인 최초의 조사를 실시하였다. 구체적으로 이 조사에서는 대졸 청년층의 교육-직업 이행 경로에 따라 대학 재학 중의 교육, 대학 졸업 전후의 구직활동, 첫 일자리, 현재의 일자리, 대학교육과 직업 간의 관계, 그리고 대학 졸업 후의 계속교육훈련에 관한 내용이 심층적으로 파악되었다. 이러한 조사 결과를 토대로 우리나라 대학교육의 현재 위치를 파악하고, 대학교육의 내용이나 수준과 졸업생의 노동시장 이행 실태가 어떻게 연관되는지를 분석할 것이다. 또 대학교육과 노동시장의 요구간의 괴리를 메우기 위한 계속직업교육훈련의 실태를 보다 구체적으로 분석하게 될 것이다.1. data Data from a survey of the cohort of 2001 Spring graduates has been used for analysis. In the survey, graduates have been surveyed with regard to their satisfaction with the quality of college education and its labor market outcomes. In the following, we summarize major results of analyses based on these datasets. 2. Satisfaction of the Graduates with College Education Overall satisfaction of 4-year college graduates with quality of college education scores 3.1 out of 5. Satisfaction scores are lower than the average in those area such as 'Do colleges provide chances to explore the world of work?', and 'Is there an emphasis on applications and practicality in class?'. This suggests that college education needs to be improved to strengthen the practical side, focusing more on growing the vocational competencies of the graduates. The results also show that those who have improved their occupational skills at colleges have better chances of employment upon graduation. From a viewpoint of international comparison, the level of satisfaction of college graduates of Korea with college education is far lower than that of those countries such as U.K., Netherland, and slightly lower than that of Nordic countries such as Sweden and Finland. It is slightly higher than Germany and France, and far above than that of Italy and Spain. However, this comparison should be taken with reservation though, because although the survey made in Korea tried to emulate the surveys made in the countries listed above, the time point and universe of the Korean survey is rather different from those of other surveys. 3. Gap between the level of skills at graduation and demand in the Labor Market The gap between the level of skills owned by graduates at graduation and the level of skills demanded in the labour markets is an important indicator that tells how well the college education prepares the graduates for the world of work. First, the overall level of job skills of 2001 college graduates at the time of graduation averages to 3.4 out of 5. The gap between the level of job skills owned by graduates at graduation and that demanded at work averages to 0.6. From the viewpoint of international comparison, the level of skills owned by graduates in Korea is the lowest among the countries surveyed except for Japan. However, the level of skills demanded at work in Korea is as high as in other countries. In other words, the gap between the level of skills owned by graduates at graduation and the level of skills demanded at work is larger in Korea than in other countries. This shows that college education in Korea needs a major improvement when it comes to preparing the graduates for the world of work. Meanwhile, continuing education and training is expected to fill the gap between the skills owned at graduation and those demanded at work. However, this is found not to be the case among the graduates in Korea. Those who have higher skills at graduation and those who have scored higher in Student Aptitude Test to enter the college have higher probability to participate in continuing vocational training after graduation. This result holds even when other control variables are introduced into the logistic model where the possibility to take part in additional vocational training is estimated. This represents a problem since additional vocational education is supposed to fill the shortage between what they learned at school and what it is required at work. However, the result on the graduates show that a polarization is taking place in chances getting additional vocational training among the graduates, thereby continuing education and training(CET) is playing a role of widening the gap between those who have higher level of employability and those who have lower level of employabilty. This result suggests that a policy measure needs to be taken to strengthen the function of continuing education and training among the youth so that it can narrow the gap between those who have and those who have not. 4. Effect of College Education on Current Employment The skills which positively influence the employability of the graduates are found to be, among others, computer skills, English competency, and the ability to apply what they have learned at school to work. This finding suggests that there is a need to particularly improve the skills of the students in these areas while they are enrolled at college. These can be done in various ways. Students can improve their computer skills and English by taking additional classes offered in private institutes. Colleges also should improve the curriculum so that it can more match the need of the labor markets, thereby offering the students the chance to apply what they learn in class to work. Academic achievements of the graduates at college are likely to positively affect their employment after graduation. However, obtaining additional schooling after graduation does not improve the employability of the graduates or the quality of employment. Also, obtaining job-related qualifications or getting additional vocational training does not improve the chances to get a job. Policy measures need to be established to improve the effect of obtaining qualifications and vocational training on getting a job.요 약 제1장 서론 제1절 연구 필요성 및 목적 1 제2절 주요 연구 내용 3 제2장 이용자료 제1절 조사개요 5 제2절 조사 자료의 분포 9 제3장 청년층의 대학 재학 중 교육경험과 대학교육 평가 제1절 대학 재학 중 교육 경험 14 1. 대학 재학 중 활동 14 2. 계열(또는 학부) 입학 17 3. 복수전공(또는 다전공) 이수 18 4. 현장학습(또는 인턴십) 경험 20 5. 자격증 취득 24 6. 해외 교육연수 경험 30 7. 아르바이트 등의 취업 경험 36 제2절 대학 교육 평가 38 1. 대학의 교육 충실도 38 2. 대학교육에 대한 만족도 40 3. 대학 졸업 당시의 능력 수준 43 4. 대학교육에 대한 전반적인 평가 53 제3절 대학교육에 대한 요구 59 1. 대학교육이 지향해야 할 방향 59 2. 대학교육 중 강화해야 할 내용 61 3. 직업기초능력의 직업에서 중요도와 괴리 정도 63 제4절 요약 및 시사점 75 제4장 대학교육과 청년층의 노동시장 이행 제1절 정규직으로의 취업 80 제2절 하향취업 94 제3절 전공취업 104 제4절 임금수준 113 제5절 요약 및 정책적 시사점 122 제5장 대학졸업 후의 계속교육훈련 제1절 대학 졸업 후 계속교육훈련 참여에 영향을 미치는 요인들 126 제2절 계속교육훈련의 내용 134 1. 이수기관 및 이수과정의 내용 134 2. 재정부담의 주체와 이수 시간 138 3. 이수의 목적 및 효과 141 제3절 요약 및 시사점 145 제6장 결론 SUMMARY 157 부표 163 대졸 청년층의 대학교육 만족도와 직업에 관한 조사 171 참고문헌 20