X-ray studies of crystalline complexes involving amino acids and peptides. XLIV. Invariant features of supramolecular association and chiral effects in the complexes of arginine and lysine with tartaric acid

The tartaric acid complexes with arginine and lysine exhibit two stoichiometries depending upon the ionization state of the anion. The structures reported here are $DL$-argininium $DL$hydrogen tartrate, bis($L$-argininium) $L$-tartrate, bis($DL$-lysinium) $DL$-tartrate monohydrate, $L$-lysinium $D$-hydrogen tartrate and $L$-lysinium $L$-hydrogen tartrate. During crystallization, $L$-lysine preferentially interacts with $D$-tartaric acid to form a complex when $DL$-tartaric acid is used in the experiment. The anions and the cations aggregate into separate alternating layers in four of the five complexes. In bis($L$-argininium) $L$-tartrate, the amino acid layers are interconnected by individual tartrate ions which do not interact among themselves. The aggregation of argininium ions in the $DL$- and the $L$-arginine complexes is remarkably similar, which is in turn similar to those observed in other dicarboxylic acid complexes of arginine. Thus, argininium ions have a tendency to assume similar patterns of aggregation, which are largely unaffected by a change in the chemistry of partner molecules such as the introduction of hydroxyl groups or a change in chirality or stoichiometry. On the contrary, the lysinium ions exhibit fundamentally different aggregation patterns in the $DL-DL$ complexes on the one hand and $L-D$ and $L-L$ complexes on the other. Interestingly, the pattern in the $L-D$ complex is similar to that in the $L-L$ complex. The lysinium ions in the $DL-DL$ complex exhibit an aggregation pattern similar to those observed in the $DL$-lysine complexes involving other dicarboxylic acids. Thus, the effect of change in the chirality of a subset of the component complexes could be profound or marginal, in an unpredictable manner. The relevant crystal structures appear to indicate that the preference of $L$-lysine for $D$-tartaric acid is perhaps caused by chiral discrimination resulting from the amplification of a small energy difference