Validation of the Parental Facilitation of Mastery Scale – II

Objective: To develop a more reliable and comprehensive version of the Parental Facilitation of Mastery Scale (PFMS).Method: In Study 1, 387 undergraduates completed an expanded PFMS (PFMS-II) and measures of parenting, perceived control, responses to early life challenges, and psychopathology. In Study 2, 182 trauma-exposed community participants completed the PFMSII and measures of perceived control, psychopathology, and well-being.Results: In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis of the PFMS-II revealed two factors. These factors replicated in Study 2; one item was removed to achieve measurement invariance across race. The final PFMS-II consisted of a ten-item overprotection scale and a seven-item challenge scale. In both samples, this measure demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity and was more reliable than the original PFMS. Parental challenge was a unique predictor of perceived control in both samples.Conclusions: The PFMS-II is a valid measure of important parenting behaviors not fully captured in other measures