Ethylene controls adventitious root initiation sites in Arabidopsis hypocotyls independently of strigolactones

Adventitious root formation is essential for cutting propagation of diverse species; however, until recently little was known about its regulation. Strigolactones and ethylene have both been shown to inhibit adventitious roots and it has been suggested that ethylene interacts with strigolactones in root hair elongation. We have investigated the interaction between strigolactones and ethylene in regulating adventitious root formation in intact seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. We used strigolactone mutants together with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) (ethylene precursor) treatments and ethylene mutants together with GR24 (strigolactone agonist) treatments. Importantly, we conducted a detailed mapping of adventitious root initiation along the hypocotyl and measured ethylene production in strigolactone mutants. ACC treatments resulted in a slight increase in adventitious root formation at low doses and a decrease at higher doses, in both wildtype and strigolactone mutants. Furthermore, the distribution of adventitious roots dramatically changed to the top third of the hypocotyl in a dosedependent manner with ACC treatments in both wildtype and strigolactone mutants. The ethylene mutants all responded to treatments with GR24. Wild type and max4 (strigolactonedeficient mutant) produced the same amount of ethylene, while emanation from max2 (strigolactoneinsensitive mutant) was lower. We conclude that strigolactones and ethylene act largely independently in regulating adventitious root formation with ethylene controlling the distribution of root initiation sites. This role for ethylene may have implications for flood response because both ethylene and adventitious root development are crucial for flood toleranc