Investigation of properties of fresh and hardened self-compacting concrete with mineral additions based on industrial by-products

Beton, kao jedan od najčešće upotrebljavanih materijala u građevinskoj industriji evoluirao je sa razvojem građevinarstva, od početaka primene do današnjih dana. Konvencionalni beton se ugrađuje pomoću vibrirajuće opreme kako bi se u njemu redukovao sadržaj zaostalog vazduha, eliminisala mogućnost pojave kaverni i drugih šupljina na kontaktima sa armaturom i oplatom (takozvani normalno vibrirani beton, Normal Vibrated Concrete – NVC). Na taj način beton postaje kompaktniji, gušći i homogeniji, što je osnov za njegovo prihvatljivo ponašanje u konstrukciji. Tehnološka operacija kompaktiranja tradicionalno igra ključnu ulogu u proizvodnji kvalitetnog betona sa optimalnom čvrstoćom i trajnošću. Razvoj hemijskih dodataka tipa superplastifikatora omogućio je lakše ugrađivanje betona, pošto se malim doziranjem ovakvog hemijskog dodatka mogu smanjiti sile trenja između čvrstih čestica, što za rezultat daje pokretljivije i obradljivije betone (betone tečnijih konzistencija) koje je lakše ugraditi, uz zadržavanje iste količine vode. Ekstrapolacijom koncepta upotrebe superplastifikatora u pravcu dobijanja betona tečnijih konzistencija došlo se do koncepta samozbijajućeg betona (Self-compacting Concrete - skraćeno SCC). Samozbijajući beton se može definisati kao beton, koji će bez primene mehaničkih sredstava za ugrađivanje popunjavati sve uglove oplate i uzane prostore između gusto raspoređenih šipki armature, samo pod dejstvom sopstvene težine, tako da se u završnoj fazi dobije kompaktan beton veće trajnosti. U sastav samozbijajućeg betona, po pravilu, ulaze veoma fini mineralni dodaci, od kojih su najčešće primenjivani krečnjačko i dolomitno brašno, kao i leteći pepeo. U okviru eksperimentalnog rada u ovoj disertaciji je, osim letećeg pepela (poreklom iz dve termoelektrane, TE "Kolubara" i TE "Kostolac") upotrebljen i sprašeni reciklirani beton (dobijen rušenjem dotrajalih armiranobetonskih konstrukcija, odnosno drobljenjem kontrolnih laboratorijskih kocki) i sprašeni elementarni sumpor (koji se dobija kao nusprodukt u naftnoj industriji, u Rafineriji nafte Pančevo). U okviru eksperimentalnog rada spravljeno je i detaljno ispitivano 11 mešavina SCC: dve referentne SCC mešavine sa krečnjačkim brašnom kao mineralnim dodatkom, pet mešavina sa letećim pepelom, tri mešavine sa sprašenim recikliranim betonom i četiri mešavine sa sprašenim sumporom. Prethodno je prilikom definisanja recepture za SCC mešavine spravljeno i ispitano 12 probnih (pilot) mešavina. Sve navedene mešavine, osim dve probne (pilot) mešavine, imale su svojstva koja karakterišu samozbijajuće...Concrete, as one of the most commonly used materials in the construction industry, has evolved with the development of construction, from the beginning to the present day. Placing of conventional concrete is usually done with the use of vibrating equipment to help in reduction of entrained air content, eliminating the possibility of cavities occurrence in contact with reinforcement and formwork (the so-called Normal Vibrated Concrete, NVC). Concrete becomes more compact, denser and more homogeneous, which are the basic aspects for an acceptable behavior in the structure. This operation, compaction, traditionally plays a key role in the production of high quality concrete, with optimum strength and durability. Development of superplasticizers (chemical admixtures for concrete) allowed easier placing of concrete with stiffer consistency; a small dosage of this type of chemical admixtures can reduce the friction between the particles, which results in more mobile and workable concrete (concrete with fluid consistency) that is easier to place in formwork, while maintaining the same amount of water. Extrapolation of the concept of the superplasticizers use towards obtaining concrete with fluid consistency led to the concept of Self-compacting Concrete - SCC for short. Selfcompacting concrete, is defined as a concrete mix that can be placed purely by means of its own weight, with little or no vibration and is a highly flowable concrete that spreads into place, fills formwork, and wraps even the most congested reinforcement, and showing no signs of segregation. Typically, SCC contains certain quantities of very fine mineral additions; the most commonly applied are limestone and dolomite powder and fly ash. Within the experimental work in this thesis, besides fly ash (originating from two power plants, "Kolubara" and "Kostolac"), recycled pulverized concrete (obtained by demolition of old concrete structures) and powdered elemental sulfur (which is obtained as a by-product of the petrol industry, in Pancevo Oil Refinery). Within this experimental work, 11 mixtures of SCC were prepared, two reference SCC mixtures with limestone powder as mineral addition, five mixtures with fly ash, three mixtures with ground recycled concrete and four mixtures with ground elemental sulfur. Also, during the proces of defining the composition of SCC mixtures, 12 test (pilot) mixutures were made and investigated. All mixtures, except two test mixtures, could be characterized as self-compacting concrete, based on their fresh properties. The applied extensive testing of fresh and hardened SCC (with respect to the designed properties of fresh SCC, the research findings of the recent..