Kentsel Koruma Yaklaşımlarında Kentsel Kimliğin Korunması, Isparta Örneği

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1995Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1995Bu çalışmada, kentsel koruma yaklaşımı sadece tarihi, kültürel ve doğal değerlerin korunması olarak ele alınmayıp, aynı zamanda, kentlerin geçmişlerinden geleceklerine süreklilik sağlayan, tarihsel gelişme sürecinde elde ettikleri kentsel kimliğin yaşatılması ve korunması ile bütünleşmesini sağlamak gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur. Kentsel koruma ve kentsel kimlik kavramlarının tanımları yapılmış, kentsel (kimliği) korumayı gerektiren nedenlerin neler olduğu ve Türkiye'de, koruma anlayışının ve mevzuatının gelişimi kısaca tarihsel süreç içinde incelenmiştir. Daha sonra, kentsel koruma alanlarında ortaya çıkan sorunlar belli bir sistem içinde incelenmiş ve bu sorunların bir örnek alan (İsparta sit alanı örneği) içinde nasıl ortaya çıktığı araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca bu sorunların çözümlerinin neler olabileceği konusunda yardımcı olabilecek bir çalışma için, koruma-geliştirme-değerlendirme sürecinde, son yıllarda olduğu gibi kendi kaderine terk edilen İsparta kentsel sit alanı yeniden ele alınmıştır. İsparta kent bütününe ve sit alanına ilişkin gerekli araştırma ve incelemeler yapılmış ve son zamanlarda giderek yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalan İsparta kentsel kimliğinin bu alanda yeniden canlandırılmasını sağlamak için, yerinde yapılan anketler, görüşmeler, araştırmalar ve incelemeler doğrultusunda bir koruma-geliştirme-değerlendirme uygulaması yapılmıştır.In this study, urban conservation is not only taken in terms of keeping history, culture and taking care of nature! values, but also th urban identification which provides continuity from the past to the future through historical development is taken into account to provide wholeness. The protection of historical buildings has started to become important from the time of Republic in Turkey, but it was under a restriction. In spite of this, demolishing and destruction of historical building never prevented. The pressure of speculation for economy neglectfulness by either intentional or not, fires, the development of the public facilities and court decisions have destructed the urban structure in a considerable amount. Rapid increase in population and urbanization affect decisions taken for urban devolepment and usage. For this reason the historical urban structure is to be ruined after being outmoded by the time, it is abandoned and it losses its characters. In the study, before the problems associated with urban protection areas, defination of urban identification is given and reasons for urban protection are given. In addition to these the development of understanding of protection and the laws of the land in Turkey are investigated. Urban conservation defined in "Dictionary Of Urban Science Terms" is like that: The protection of historical and important buildings in terms of architecture, monument and natural beauty from every destructive, aggresive and harmful actions in order to serve for people living today and also for people that will live in the future. Urban identification is defined as the symbol of continuity from genaration to generation and which connects the history and the future in the historical development by the properties of a certain area. Conservation of urban identification shows the development of a society. The protection of cultural existences which are part of the history means, at the same time, the protection of history and the measurement of esthetics among societies. As can be seen the beginning and understanding of conservation in Turkey is not old and conscious as European countries. After second world war, big efforts have been spent in order to protect the urban conservation sites in the developed countries. Architects, experts of restoration and urban planners in our country have followed these efforts with great care and they have spent many efforts in order to see the same applications in our country. However it is not enough from the conservation and evaluation view point. During Ottoman Empire, many valuable historical things in the country were lost as a result of the lack of knowledge an intrest of goverment and society. In this term, the historical thing are taken into account in term of jurisprudence. However, this consideration has caused many negative conseguences. The first law in Turkey for the foundation of the law of historical things which diminishes the rules of jurisprudence is "Asar-i Atika Regulations" which comes into force with six articles in 1869. Afterr that, 2. Asar-i Atika Regulations. In 1884, 3. Asar-i Atika Regulations and 4. Asar-i Atika Regulations in 1 906 came into force respectively. Approach for the foundation of conservation was based on museum in the beginning of Republic of Turkey. After 1950, because of the rapid urbanization and the development of public facilities, historcal things were demolished, especially in Istanbul. This caused the change of the urban structure in negative drection. In order to solve these problems and to control the urban conservation "Gayri Menkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu" was established in 1951. In 1956, the law of public facilities of 6785 came into force and this caused the increase of authority of "Gayri Menkul Eski Eserler ve Anıtlar Yüksek Kurulu". In the planned period of time (1963-1994), new developments, have been seen in every five year of period. These are the law of historical arts of 1710 in 1 973, the law of conservation of culture and nature of 2863 in 1980. In 1987, Higher Comittee of Culture and Nature was established. Problems in conservation sites are investigated in a systematic manner. These problem may be associated with law, physical, functional, socio-economy, planning, organization, technical person, money and participation of people. Problems associated with law consist of problems from the beginning of conservation law to the present time. In adequacy of laws, disorder, out of date. XI Physical problems consist of developments outside planning due to rapid urbanization, demolishing of historical structure and restructure, wearing out of historical structure physically, improper usage of sources of urban and environment, delaying of planning. Functional problems consist of the relation between conservation sites and urban structure, new functions, new developments, restoration, maintenance. Socio-economic problems consist of economic structure and relations, family structure, rapid change in communication between individuals, lack of harmany to histörcal places. Planning and application problems consist of the time for the preparation of conservation planning and problems accuring during this time. One of major problem in organization in our country is the lack organization for the sufficient planning. Even Management of Public Works and govemership is not organized sufficiently even though they approve plans according to the law. Technical person problems consist of the lack of the specialist. In any science work distribution and speciality is inevitable. Urban science which may be one of the complex science requires better work distribution and speciality. Money Problems may be one of the major problem for plannnig and application in conservation areas. Having too many historical buildings to be protected, lack of fund, high cost of maintenance and repair, having people with lower income cause the use of this type of buildings. The problem of participation of people is resulted in by coming apart between history and culture. By this section, understanding of conservation, development of laws and problems associated with conservation areas were discussed. From, this point, conservation site of İsparta is taken into account as an example. Problems associated with this area and solutions were discussed. For İsparta City and its conservation sites investigations were carried out. In recent years the urban identification of İsparta is in danger to lose its identification. In order to restore the urban identification some surveys, interviews, investigations and research were carried out. xii İsparta is placed inner west of Mediterranean Sea Region which is called "Lake Region". İsparta has connection with the interior Anotolia and Argean Region. Important developments were seen in the period of time of republic. When you hear İsparta, it reminds you rose and carpet industry. İsparta is a center of growing rose in Turkey. The rose is called "rose of İsparta" and it is processed to obtain oil. 80 % of process is carried out in İsparta. Produced rose is exported to the abroad and foreign money is charged for the country. Colours and design of İsparta carpets can be changed as desired. Design usually selected according to the desire of the buyer. It is the most produced carpet type in Turkey. It has very wide potential market in Turkey and abroad. Its production is over 550.000 m2/year. Conservation site of İsparta is about the north part of brook of Isparta-Belönü which covers Aksu street, Fabrika street, brook of Belönü and Kaymakkapi Square. This area is about 40'ha and spreads about the southern side of city center. Mimar Sinan Mosque, Bedesten Bazaar, Island of Üzümpazarı and Goverment Building are also included later on. The study for determination and documentation of conservation site was started in 1977. The decision taken by Real Estate of Historical Buildings and Higher Monument Commission on 14th October 1977 with the number of A-840 restricted the structures which were located in the city centre and having historical and cultural worth from architectural view point. Conservation sites were classified as second and third degrees from maps having 1/1000 scale. Development of puplic facilities which were approved in 1980 with the purpose of conservation provided the conservation sites as a whole by 1 984. Conservation site of İsparta consists of the region of old trade centres and its surroundings. Aksu street, 20 meters width, passing in front of Government Park, New Antalya Street, 20 meters width, passeng in front of Paşa Bath break the structure of conservation site. The conservation site formed as an old Turkish district. Houses opening to street have dense historical structure at te back and sides. Roads are narrow and organic with some exceptions. The pavement was made of parquet. Houses in İsparta have generally front to street and gardens at the back and sides and they are generally 1 or 2 storey buildings with back hall. Some houses have xiii etrance either from middle or from sides. The ground floor is generally made of hewn stones. In some houses wooden beams and rough dressed stone for wall can be seen Upper floors are made of either timber or rough stone. Doors, windows and overhangs in the houses show typical characteristics and support general view. Important historical buildings in the conservation site are Kutlubey (Ulu) Mosque, Bedesten, the fountain of Yılan-kıran, Church of Ayayorgi, Conservation methods of historical buildings and the condition of conservation are stated by different commission decisions. Conditions of construction in the conservation sites are investigated in a certain system. Problem appearing in the conservation site are physical, functional, socio-economy, decisions related to the planning, conservation and maintenance, the condition of constructure. The problems are investigated in these headings. After that some proposals for these problems are given. These are: Evaluation and proposals for the decisions taken for the protection and development of conservation site, evaluation and proposals for decisions for the usage of conservation siti, evaluation and proposals related to the usage of historical buildings, evaluation and proposals related to the transportation, evaluation and proposals for new construction, evaluation and proposal for arranging environment. In the section of evaluation and proposals related to the usage of historical buildings some streets are chosen as an example site and some arrangements are made. For example in Damgacı street in rose products can be produced, marketed. In Henden street, Doğan Blind Alley and Tabakhane street had made. İsparta carped can be produced and marketed. The purpose of this study is to increase the utility of historical buildigs and to conserve them. Apart from this, they will give back the identification of İsparta. Present situation of historical buildings, their usage and physical intervention to these buildings are investigated for all buildings. Surveys carried out in the conservation site and decisions taken by different conservation committies are evaluated. In the section of conclusions and suggestions, some important subjects related to the urban conservation site are discussed. These subjects have to be put into practice as soon as possible.Yüksek LisansM.Sc