the Problems Of The Historical Environments

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1993Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1993Bu tezin amacı şehirlerin ve merkezlerinin tarihi geçmiş lerini araştırmak ve Süleymaniye Bölgesi örneği ile orta ya çıkan sorunlara çözüm aramaktır..Tarihi geçmiş, Dış ülkelerde, îlkçağ (II-IV. yy), Ortaçağ (IV- XV. yy) ile Rönesans (XV- XVI. yy) ve Barok (XVII-XVIII. yy) dönemleri kapsayan Yeniçağ (XVI-XIX.yy), ülkemizde ise îlkçağ, Ortaçağ, Selçuklu İmparatorluğu (XI-XIII.yy), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu (XVIII-XX yy) ve T.C. dönemleri, şe hir merkezleri, sosyo-kültürel yapı, ekonomik yapı, ula - şım ilişki ve sistemleri, teknik altyapı nitelikleri, çev re ve doku farklılaşmaları, açısından karşılaştırılarak anlatılmıştır. Bu evrim sonucu ortaya çıkan tarihi çevre sorunları, dış ülkeler ve ülkemizde bu sorunların çözümü ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar irdelenmiştir. Somutlaştırma aşamasında Süleymaniye Bölgesi, demografik, sosyal, kültü rel, fiziksel ve ekonomik açılardan işlenmiş ortaya çıkan sonuçlar ile çözümler üretilmiştir. Tez kapsamındaki çalışmalar şöyle özetlenebilir: a) Çevre ve doku farklılaşması sorunlarının çözümü ile ilgili müdahaleler ve örnekler, b) Sosyal, sosyo-ekonomik, ekonomik, fiziksel, teknik alt yapı, işlevsel, kültürel, plan kararları, yasal, finans man kaynaklı sorunlar, c) Tarihi çevre ile ilgili çalışma yapan uluslararası ku ruluşlar, d) Merkezi, yerel yönetimlerin ve halkın yetersiz yakla şımları, e) Mevcut dokunun ıslahı ve korunması ile şehrin dinamik gelişimi ile uyumlu b ir uygulamayı sağlamak için yeni stratejiler ve gelişme hedefleri belirlemek.The Problems of The Historical Environments. The purpose of the thesis is to examine the historical background of the cities and their centers, and to set out the problems of the historical environments -And The Süleymaniye Area has been choosen to make proposals. The following items will be discussed. - Lack of an integrated approach by goverment, local authorities and the public itself. - Difficulty in quantifying benefits of conservation. - The existing laws and regulations. - The threats to conservation of historic citiesand their centers. - Definincr new development goals and new strategies in order to coordinate and harmonise the dynamic development of the city. With preservation and rehabilitation of the existing fabric. - Planning policies. - Allocation of funds. - Conclusions. STUDY PROCEDURE The study procedure involved the following stages: The evolution of the city centers in the case of fundamental features of the urban fabric such as socio- cultural structure, economic structure, the differentiation of the transportation relations and systems, the qualities and the differentiation of the infrastructure, the differentiation of the environment and the texture. Then, the problems of the historical environments appear in the urban settlements and the studies which are made in the foreign countries and in our country. The examination area Süleymaniye: Here the historical background of the area is given the differentiation of the fabric of the area and the buildings' features like the plans and the front facade, and the conservation studies in Süleymaniye Area is described. VI i In addition, a questionnaire was prepared to obtain the social, cultural, and physical condition of the Süleyma- niye Area. Furthermore, in the closing chapter of this study conclusions and proposals for the future (in the identification of Süleymaniye area) is going to be made. THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY IS AS SUMMARIZED BELOW THE FIRST CHAPTER, of the study is the setting of urban nature and the conservation of the historical environments: A town is a living organism, always changing/ its buildings and structures need constant repair and replacement if they are to meet changing needs and standards. However they must respect its traditions and well-loved landmarks. Because the past can survive only as a contribution to the present. THE SECOND CHAPTER, there is a strict relationship between the historical site and the city center. From this perspective, these two facts will be examined together,in the context of the thesis. Cities have been the foci of social development over the ages. In the Antiquity, the city center had the symbolic monuments of the religion. So there was a temple and a palace at the center. Any town in the ancient times had to be more or less a fortified place, an elaborate system of fortification walls against attacks from outside. Mediaeval city is a direct ancestor of the present day city in the intervening centuries, the mediaeval town type has gone through many alterations. It has been formed and reformed to meet changing conditions. The mediaeval town was lacking even in the most elementary sanitary demands. The streets were laid out in an informal and intimate manner into a system of roads such as were fitted primarily for pedestrian purpose. At certain important corners, areas were left open and these were formed into squares and plazas of informality of impressive character. As such, they constituted the nuclei of the city where public meetings and ceremonies were held. Functionally, they therefore had to serve the same purpose as the Roman Forum and Greek Agora of the ancient time. The population of the ancient town was almost thoroughly a bourgeois society of the intellectual middle class of wariors, of merchants, and of men of trades, crafts and the like. Our Country which had the same socio-cultural features of the foreign countries in the antiquity and mediaeval cities changed structurally in times of Seljuk and Ottoman vm Empires. But the dominant principle at the center of the city was the same. The only difference was the Religion. th The beginning of the XV century was a logical result of the gradual change from mediaevalism into the new era, and as such it was to a great extent, a creative process. This was Renaisance. Two entirely different world feeling met one another, the Classical representing the image of man as the ideal and themediaeval representing that of God as the ideal. The Renaisance period brought new styles to the mediaeual City. The street patterns of the Classical and Mediaeval ages develop from the plan forms, these are the gridiron pattern and radial pattern. In almost all cities a system of commercial zoning has grown up naturally in the past. They choose the city centers. These activities were, manufacturing transportation, Retail trade and whole sale trade. Already in the middle of the eighteenth century there appeared machine work, in industrial production. The city centers were in many respects preferable for location, the industrial plants were, in most cases moved there. To bring industry into the City center meant that large areas were needed for plants and workmen's housing. It meant like wise, that the city boundaries had to be extended toward the country. It meant furthermore that an entirely new class of people was brought into the city, the industrial workers' class. City characteristics both social and physical were affected accordingly. The growth of means of transportation, the new means of transportation too, were direct result of scientific discoveries and technical inventions.. This was the steam power. It heralded the railroads to come. Railroad traffic established a convenient inter communication between the cities and the vast country lands. This fact caused a great change in civic development: 1- For it animated the movement from the country to the town and because of this, the urban social structure is changed from a formerly coherent body to a heterogeneous- accumulation of diversified elements. 2- Some of the middle and upper class took up villa life in new suburbs. The result by 1900 was the creation of large slum areas in most big cities. The cities were expanded accordingly in a haphazarad manner, and ultimately into countless slums. 3- The shift in goods movement from raxl to truck has freed whole salers from the compelling need to be' on a rail line and has weakened the advantage of being close to the rail junction. 4- While some industries were departing from the city center, some were still highly concentrated there and xx parallel with the cities of the developing world, the people flooded into burgeoning industrial cities. They tended to be drawn from the poorer section of the rural population. They had little or no knowledge of the technical skills needed by the new industry, or of the social and technical necessities of urban life. And though the industry of the cities provided economic opportunities in plenty for an unskilled labour force, the social arrangements. In the cities were quite incapable of meeting their needs for shelter, for elementary public services like water and waste disposal or for health treatment. The results for public health became clear only after the establishment of an efficient government organization for charting the state of public health. In 1848 The Public Health Act was setup. After a while By-law housing model was adopted in many countries. This law has some rules: The streets have a uniform width to guarantee a modicum of air and light; each house has a seperate external lavatory with access to a back alley, which runs parallel to the street. Usually unless reconstructed in the twentieth Century, these houses have neither inside lavatory nor inside bath indeed, they have no fixed bath at all, Approximately at the same times (1855) in Istanbul the goverment formed a commission for the order of the city, to carry out a more fundamental program. The rules in this program were: Embellishment, regular izat ion, road enlargement, street lighting and improvement of building methods (built fabric; timber should be converted to kargir (brick)). th In the XIX Century, another important thing which affected transportation and planning cities had root in France. Baron Haussmann replaned the capital of France and brought a system of straight arteries. The Ilaussmannian development was a natural out growth of Paris. This example set by Haussmann was considered and mainly cities became "haussmannized" reaardless of whether it suited them or not. Among them were, Vienna, Firenze and Istanbul. In 186 8 (in Istanbul) a proposal was put forward to tear down the wooden houses adjacent to Hagia Sophia and around the Süleymaniye complex in order to provide unobstructed views of these monuments (because Haussmann claimed that monuments were glorified by isolation). The rules of Haussmann were not rigorously applied. But the policy pursued during the enlargement of the Divanyolu. th ' In the XX Century, between the two world wars the whole process of suburban growth and decentralization began to speed up. The forces behind the suburban movement during these years were partly economic, partly social and partly technological. So there are interventions to the problems originating from the change of the structures. These are urban renewal, redevelopment, rehabilitation, conservation (preservation) and restoration. Urban Renewal: This term is intended to describe the process of dealing with a large area as a whole, and it includes preservation, rehabilitation of property or environment and redevelopment. Redevelopment: It is taken to mean the process which involves clearance of property and the building of ne*f structures according to a definite preconceived plan with a layout different from that of the area before redevolopment was undertaken. Rehabilitation : It is the process of putting existing buildings or existing areas of development back into a worth while state after they have become outdated. Preservation: This term is used for making use of the monuments for some socially useful purpose. Restoration: It is a process to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and authentic documents. The examples for the interventions are Bologna, Rotterdam, Le Havre, London, Bristol, Muğla and Safranbolu. As a solution in these cities the planning design and planning policies for the historical centers are: 1) to rationalize the road system by an inner-ring road, 2) to provide adequate parking and bus facilities, 3) to remove the shopping centre from its old focus 4) to regroup whole sale, and retail market facilities, and to provide precincts for university, hospital and public buildings, 5) the segregation of vehicles and pedestrians, 6) to redevelop the shopping centers, 7) slum clearance by relocation, 8) to reduce the density (population) of the center, 9) to decentralize the industrial buildings. THE THIRD CHAPTER Süleymaniye was named after the complex of Süleyman I (1557) which crowns the third hill, occupies part of the grounds of Mehmet II 's first palace. Süleymaniye is a huge socioreligious complex, consisting of a mosque with five medreses, a hospital, amedical school, a public kitchen, a caravansaray, mausoleums, shops and fountains. Residential architecture formed the fabric between the monuments as the quarters of the Ottoman city were organic developments that grew around religiouscores. Süleymaniye is 45 hectares and includes 161 monuments (Byzantine and Ottoman) and 300 examples of ottoman domestic architecture. xi th Until the end of the 19 century Süleymaniye was an elite residential zone. However in the 20th Century under the impact of increasing industrial activity within the historic Peninsula, physical and Functional destruction of the area began. Today it is completely surrounded and influenced by commercial and industrial zones located at its border. The inhabitants belong to low income, groups. And Süleymaniye is included in the world's Cultural Heritage list. The questionnaire made in Süleymaniye included these: The demographic factors, the social structure, the reason of moving to this region, the installation condition, and the approach to the environment (both historically and physically). THE FOURTH CHAPTER There are conclusions and proposals like: 1) New activities, new building types appear in the city center. 2) Certain areas of the city centre have become the areas for trade. 3) The dwellings soon became inadequate by the standarts. 4) There is a speculation in the center. 5) The decentralization of the middle and upper income groups. 6) The city centers became slums. 7) Planning regulations must limit the height and built of any new buildings inside the historic city. 8) Allocation of funds is needed. 9) Enlist public support and participation. 10) To clean up and improve the city center. 11) The laws, regulations and codes^about the consvervation planning are inadequate. So they must be redeveloped.Yüksek LisansM.Sc