Semidefinite programming (SDP) is a fundamental tool in convex and polynomial optimization. It consists in minimizing the linear functions over the spectrahedra (sets defined by linear matrix inequalities). In particular, SDP is a generalization of linear programming.The purpose of this thesis is to study the nonarchimedean analogue of SDP, replacing the field of real numbers by the field of Puiseux series. Our methods rely on tropical geometry and, in particular, on the study of tropicalization of spectrahedra.In the first part of the thesis, we analyze the images by valuation of general semialgebraic sets defined over the Puiseux series. We show that these images have a polyhedral structure, giving the real analogue of the Bieri--Groves t...