Effects of porosity and inertia on the apparent permeability tensor in fibrous media

The flow in three-dimensional fibrous porous media is studied in the inertial regime by first simulating for the motion in unit, periodic cells, and then solving successive closure problems leading - after applying an intrinsic averaging procedure - to the components of the apparent permeability tensor. The parameters varied include the orientation of the driving pressure gradient, its magnitude (which permits to define a microscopic Reynolds number), and the porosity of the medium. All cases tested refer to situations for which the microscopic flow is steady. When the driving force is oriented in a direction which lies on the plane perpendicular to the fibers\u2019 axis, the results found agree with those available the literature. The fact that the medium is composed by bundles of parallel fibers favours a deviation of the mean flow towards the fibers\u2019 axis when the driving pressure gradient has even a small component along it, and this is enhanced by a decreasing porosity; this phenomenon is well quantified by the knowledge of the components of the permeability. Contrary to our initial expectations, for the over one hundred cases which we have simulated, the apparent permeability tensor remains, to a very good approximation, diagonal, a fact mainly related to the transversely isotropic nature of the medium. To obtain a complete, albeit approximate, database of the diagonal components of the apparent permeability tensor we have developed a metamodel, based on kriging interpolation, and carefully calibrated it. The resulting response surfaces can be invaluable in determining the force caused by the presence of inclusions in macroscopic simulations of the flow through bundles of fibers whose orientations and dimensions can vary in space and/or time