Treat Texts as Data but Remember They Are Made of Words: Compiling and Pre-processing Corpora

When analysing corpora with automatic and statistical means, one should remember that the raw material being treated is language and the specific nature thereof ought to be considered in all stages of research. Since language cannot be investigated per se, corpora can only reveal the characteristics of limited instances of linguistic behaviour: even exhaustive corpora only supply a finite set of texts which should be assessed in the light of a number of extra-linguistic factors impacting linguistic traits from different viewpoints: the sender\u2019s and recipient\u2019s region of origin, social and educational background and gender; the channel of communication; the topic under discussion and the formality of the situation, not to speak of the period in history when texts were produced. Such factors come into play in defining the linguistic properties of each single text (fragment) in the corpus, and their overall balance should be considered during the preliminary stages of corpus design and compilation. After having made decisions in terms of the selection of the texts to be included in the corpus, linguistic data need to be prepared for automatic processing. This stage too is far from intuitive and automatic: from the very identification of tokens of language to the extraction of lemmas, researchers should take into account qualitative aspects. Both corpus compilation and pre-processing cannot be considered neutral operations with a view to the results of automatic analysis and should be made explicit to enable the assessment of results and further exploitation of the same corpus