NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEGAL REMEDIES IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE IN THE LIGHT OF REDUCING THE FORMALISATION OF PROCEDURES

Upravni postopek je tisti postopek, kjer se o upravnih zadevah odloča po Zakonu o splošnem upravnem postopku (ZUP), zanj pa je značilno, da se lahko predpiše samo z zakonom. Namen upravnega postopka je, da se zadovoljijo javne in posameznikove koristi. V postopku o pravicah, obveznostih ter pravnih koristih fizične ali pravne osebe odloči pristojni organ. Po upravnem postopku se ravnajo naslednji organi: organi državne uprave, drugi državni organi, organi samoupravnih lokalnih skupnosti in nosilci javnih pooblastil, kadar odločajo o upravnih zadevah. Pravno sredstvo je institut, ki je določen z ustavo in omogoča začetek postopka za presojo in ugotovitev skladnosti konkretnega upravnega akta z nadrejenimi zakoni oziroma predpisi. Namen pravnih sredstev je zagotavljanje pravilnega in zakonitega dela v upravnih zadevah, gre predvsem za zakonitosti v formalnem in tudi v materialnem pogledu. Pravna sredstva lahko razvrstimo na redna in izredna pravna sredstva. O rednih pravnih sredstvih govorimo takrat, ko se izpodbija konkretni upravni akt na prvi stopnji, ki še ni postal dokončen. Po Zakonu o splošnem upravnem postopku je edino redno pravno sredstvo pritožba. Pritožbo lahko vloži stranka oz. vsaka druga oseba, če je odločba posegala v njene pravice ali pravne koristi. Državni tožilec in državni odvetnik pa lahko vložita pritožbo v primeru, da odločba posega v škodo javnih koristi. Izredna pravna sredstva uporabljamo takrat, ko so izčrpana vsa redna pravna sredstva. Po ZUP je predvidenih naslednjih pet izrednih pravnih sredstev: obnova postopka, sprememba ali odprava odločbe v zvezi z upravnim sporom, odprava in razveljavitev odločbe po nadzorstveni pravici, izredna razveljavitev in ničnost odločbe. V diplomskem delu pa sem raziskala tudi izbrana pravna sredstva po področni zakonodaji, izbrala sem si Zakon o davčnem postopku (ZDavP-2) ter Zakon o pokojninskem in invalidskem zavarovanju (ZPIZ-2), ker urejata določena pravna sredstva bistveno drugače, kakor določa Zakon o splošnem upravnem postopku. Namen diplomskega dela je normativna proučitev in primerjava pravnih sredstev po Zakonu o splošnem upravnem postopku (ZUP), izbranih področnih zakonih (Zakon o davčnem postopku (ZDavP-2) ter Zakonu o pokojninskem in invalidskem zavarovanju (ZPIZ-2)) s predlogi izboljšav za manjšo formalizacijo upravnih postopkov. Razlogi za pisanje diplomskega dela so se pojavili pri vprašanju, zakaj se zahteva tako visoka stopnja utemeljenosti zahtevkov za vložitev pravnih sredstev in zakaj so roki za uveljavljanje pravnih sredstev tako dolgi. Pri izdelavi diplomskega dela sem uporabila deskriptivno metodo dela v kombinaciji s vi komparativno metodo in normativno analizo. Prav tako so bile uporabljene metode klasifikacije, dedukcije in sinteze. V okviru analize diplomskega dela se je prva hipoteza potrdila. Ugotovila sem, da visoka stopnja utemeljenosti zahtevkov za vložitev pravnega sredstva res postavlja stranko v nepriviligiran položaj, saj so pritožbeni razlogi, navedeni v 237. členu Zakona o splošnem upravnem postopku, zapisani v terminologiji, ki morda ni razumljiva povprečnemu državljanu Slovenije, ki mu je izdana upravna odločba. Druga zastavljena hipoteza, ki se nanaša na roke, pa se ni potrdila. Menim, da je 15-dnevni rok za vložitev pritožbe primeren in ne vpliva v tolikšni meri na trajanje postopka, kot na to vplivajo roki pri izrednih pravnih sredstvih, ki so daljši in vezani na izpolnitev določenih pogojev, izpolnjenih za vložitev določenega pravnega sredstva. Čeprav so torej ti roki daljši, so nujno potrebni zaradi narave pravnih sredstev in določenega varstva, ki ga le-ta predstavljajo za stranke v postopku. Pravna sredstva, ki se lahko uporabijo skladno z določenim zakonom, vplivajo pozitivno na družbeno okolje, saj zagotavljajo strankam varstvo pravic, pravnih koristi in tudi zaščito javne koristi.Administrative procedure is defined as the procedure used in deciding on administrative matters according to the General Administrative Procedure Act (ZUP), that can be prescribed only by law. The purpose of the administrative procedure is to meet public and individual needs. The procedure on the rights, obligations and legal benefits of natural or legal persons shall be decided by the competent authority. When deciding on administrative matters, the following bodies shall act according to the administrative procedure: state administration bodies, other state entities, local self-governing communities, holders of public powers. A remedy is a means defined by the constitution, enabling the initiation of an assessment procedure and determination of the compliance particular administrative act with the law or. The purpose of legal remedies is to ensure accurate and equitable work in administrative affairs, in a both formal and material sense. Legal remedies can be classified as regular remedies and extraordinary remedies. We are talking about the appeals if a specific administrative act at the first instance (not yet become binding) has been challenged. Under the General Administrative Procedure Act, the only regular remedy is an appeal. The right to appeal is held by a party or any other person if the decision has prejudiced its rights and legal benefits. Otherwise, the public prosecutor and the state attorney may object to the decision that interferes with public benefit. Extraordinary legal remedies are used when all regular remedies have been exhausted. According to the ZUP, there are five extraordinary legal remedies: reopening of a procedure, amendment and abolition of a decision related to administrative dispute, abolition and repeal of the decision upon official control, extraordinary annulment of a decision, and declaring a decision null. My thesis also examined selected legal remedies upon the sectoral legislation. I chose the Tax Procedure Act (ZDavP-2) and the Pension and Disability Insurance Act (ZPIZ-2) because certain legal remedies are regulated in a way different to the ZUP. The purpose of my thesis is the normative examination and comparison of legal remedies upon the General Administrative Procedure Act (ZUP), selected sectoral laws (the Tax Procedure Act (ZDavP-2) and the Pension and Disability Insurance Act (ZPIZ-2)) with viii suggestions how to improve and reduce existing formalities due to administrative procedures. The reasons for writing my thesis arose in the question as to why such a high degree of justification for the legal remedy is required and why the deadlines for the excercise of such remedies are so long. In preparing the thesis, I primarily use the descriptive method of work in combination with comparative method and normative analysis. Likewise, I will add the classification and deduction method and synthesis. In the analytical part of my research, the first hypothesis was confirmed. I have found that the high level of the substance places the party to legal proceedings in a less advantageous position, since the grounds of appeal are listed in Article 237 of the General Administrative Procedure Act (ZUP) in terms which may not be understandable to the average citizen of Slovenia to whom an administrative decision was addressed. The second hypothesis, however, was not confirmed. I believe that the 15-day deadline for filing an appeal is appropriate and does not affect the time duration of the procedure to such an extent as do the deadlines for extraordinary legal remedies, which are longer and tied to meet certain criteria. Although they are longer, these periods are essential for the nature of the remedies and the particular protection they represent for the parties to the proceedings. The remedies shall be used only in accordance with the law and have a positive effect on the social environment since they provide protection of rights, legal and public benefits