Preventive programs for reducing hamstring injuries in soccer

Uvod: Poškodbe mišic so pogost problem pri profesionalnih športnikih. Poškodbe zadnjih stegenskih mišic so ene izmed najpogostejših poškodb povezanih z nogometom, predstavljajo od 12 % vseh poškodb in 37 % vseh mišičnih poškodb pri nogometu. Večina poškodb pri nogometu se zgodi med tekom ali šprintanjem, ko se zadnja stegenska mišica kontraktira ekscentrično. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregledane strokovne in znanstvene literature opisati posamezne preventivne programe in pristope za zmanjševanje poškodb zadnje stegenske mišice pri nogometaših ter primerjati njihovo uspešnost in uporabnost med sabo. Metode dela: Pri iskanju literature smo pregledali znanstvene članke v podatkovni bazi Pubmed. Uporabili smo ključne besede »(prevent OR prevention) AND (injuries OR injury) AND (soccer or football) AND (hamstring OR leg)«. Zajet je bil časovni okvir med letoma 2008 in 2018. Vključili smo raziskave, ki so v svojih rezultatih opisovale število poškodb pri nogometaših. Rezultati: Pregledali smo 4 randomizirane kontrolirane raziskave. Za preventivo pred poškodbami zadnjih stegenskih mišic se pri nogometaših uporablja nordijska vaja. Vaja se lahko izvaja izolirano ali v kombinaciji z drugimi preventivnimi programi. Pravilna določitev parametrov izvajanja nordijske vaje zmanjša število poškodb zadnjih stegenskih mišic za približno 50 %. Razprava in zaključek: Glede na rezultate lahko ugotovimo, da je nordijsko vajo kot preventivni program za zmanjšanje števila poškodb ZSM smiselno izvajati pri obeh spolih, tako pri amaterjih kot pri profesionalcih. Da bi časovno natančno določili izvajanje vaje, bi pred posamezno intervencijo morali analizirati zgradbo ZSM vsakega posameznika, saj za ekscentrično moč in aktivnost mišice ZSM ni pomembno, ali vajo izvajamo pred ali po treningu. Nordijska vaja je preprosta za izvedbo, zanjo se ne porabi veliko časa, prav tako pa za njeno izvedbo ni potrebna dodatna oprema. FIFA v svojem preventivnem programu vključuje tudi nordijsko vajo. Glavna ugotovitev po pregledu literature je, da izvajanje nordijske vaje zmanjša število poškodb zadnjih stegenskih mišic v nogometu.Introduction: Muscle injuries are a common problem for professional athletes. The hamstring injuries are one of the most common injuries associated with soccer. It represent 12% of all soccer injuries and 37% of all muscle injuries in soccer. The majority of soccer injuries occur during running or sprinting when the hamstrings contracts eccentrically. Objectives: The purpose of this literature review is to describe preventive programs and approaches to reduce hamstring injuries in soccer, and to compare their effectiveness and usefulness based on the review scientific literature. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of database PubMed. The keyword domains used during the search were »(prevent OR prevention) AND (injuries OR injury) AND (soccer or football) AND (hamstring OR leg) «. We covered the period between 2008 and 2018. We included research that in their results described the number of injuries in soccer. Results: We examined 4 randomized controlled trials. For the hamstring injury prevention in soccer Nordic hamstring exercise is used. We can perform exercise in isolation or in combination with other preventive programs. The correct determination of the exercise parameters reduces the number of hamstring injuries by about 50%. Conclusion: According to the results, we can conclude that the Nordic hamstring exercise as a preventive program to reduce the number of hamstring injuries in both sexes, both with amateurs and professionals. In order to determine the timing of exercise, the hamstring structure of each individual should be analyzed, since timing (before or after) of exercise is not relevant for the eccentric strength and activity of the hamstring. Nordic hamstring exercise is easy to perform, do not waste a lot of time and do not need additional equipment to perform. FIFA also includes a Nordic hamstring exercise in its own preventive program. The main finding of the literature review is that the exercise reduces the number of hamstring injuries in soccer