Palladium-based ferroelectrics and multiferroics: Theory and experiment

Palladium normally does not easily substitute for Ti or Zr in perovskite oxides. Moreover, Pd is not normally magnetic (but becomes ferromagnetic under applied uniaxial stress or electric fields). Despite these two great obstacles, we have succeeded in fabricating lead zirconate titanate with 30% Pd substitution. For 20: 80 Zr: Ti, the ceramics are generally single-phase perovskites (> 99%) but sometimes exhibit 1% PdO, which is magnetic at room temperature. The resulting material is multiferroic (ferroelectric-ferromagnetic) at room temperature. The processing is slightly unusual (> 8 h in high-energy ball-milling in Zr balls), and the density functional theory provided shows that it occurs because of Pd+4 in the oversized Pb+2 site; if all Pd+4 were to go into the Ti+4 perovskite B site, only a small moment of 0.1 Bohr magnetons would result