Water salinity and productivity recorded by ostracod assemblages and their carbon isotopes since the early Holocene at Lake Qinghai on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Lake Qinghai, the largest saline lake in China, is a closed-basin lake with a salinity of 16 g/L and is situated in the sensitive semi-arid zone between the Asian monsoon-controlled area and the westerly jet stream-influenced area. With the support of the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP), Lake Qinghai was drilled in 2005 using the ICDP GLAD800 drilling system. Two ostracod species, i.e., Limnocythere inopinata and Eucypris mareotica, were found only in the upper 5.15 m of the drilled core 1F, covering 12 ka, where the depths of 5.15 to 3.15 m (12.0-7.4 ka) are dominated by E. mareotica and the depths of 3.15 to 0 m (7.4 ka-present) are dominated by L inopinata. The presence of the ostracod Eucypris mareotica was related to the high salinity of the water ( exceeding 30 g/L), and the dominant species of ostracod (Limnocythere inopinata) was related to the brackish water (3-16 g/L) in the Lake Qinghai area (Li et al., 2010). The changes in the carbon isotope in the modem ostracod shells were related to the water salinity and productivity on the lake bottom in Lake Qinghai (Li et al., 2012). On this basis, this study evaluated the changes in lake salinity and productivity and their relation to climatic change using changes in the relative abundances of ostracod fossil species assemblages and the stable carbon isotope in ostracod shells from core 1F and other published data (e.g., total organic carbon content, delta C-13(TOC) and ice core delta O-18). The single occurrence of ostracod Eucypris mareotica and the highest average delta C-13 values (-02 parts per thousand) in their shells indicated that the lake salinity and productivity were very high, a phenomenon that was related to the high temperature and low lake level (caused by intense evaporation even though the precipitation increased sharply) in the early Holocene. The deceased abundance of ostracod E. mareotica and the lowest average delta C-13 values (-2.0 parts per thousand.) in ostracod shells showed that the lake salinity and productivity decreased because of the increased lake level and decreased temperatures in the middle Holocene. Finally, the lake level decreased, but the water salinity and the lake productivity gradually increased because of the high E/I ratio related to the increased temperature in the late Holocene.